hacktricks
  • 👾Welcome!
    • HackTricks
  • 🤩Generic Methodologies & Resources
    • Pentesting Methodology
    • External Recon Methodology
      • Wide Source Code Search
      • Github Dorks & Leaks
    • Pentesting Network
      • DHCPv6
      • EIGRP Attacks
      • GLBP & HSRP Attacks
      • IDS and IPS Evasion
      • Lateral VLAN Segmentation Bypass
      • Network Protocols Explained (ESP)
      • Nmap Summary (ESP)
      • Pentesting IPv6
      • Spoofing LLMNR, NBT-NS, mDNS/DNS and WPAD and Relay Attacks
      • Spoofing SSDP and UPnP Devices with EvilSSDP
    • Pentesting Wifi
      • Evil Twin EAP-TLS
    • Phishing Methodology
      • Clone a Website
      • Detecting Phishing
      • Phishing Files & Documents
    • Basic Forensic Methodology
      • Baseline Monitoring
      • Anti-Forensic Techniques
      • Docker Forensics
      • Image Acquisition & Mount
      • Linux Forensics
      • Malware Analysis
      • Memory dump analysis
        • Volatility - CheatSheet
      • Partitions/File Systems/Carving
        • File/Data Carving & Recovery Tools
      • Pcap Inspection
        • DNSCat pcap analysis
        • Suricata & Iptables cheatsheet
        • USB Keystrokes
        • Wifi Pcap Analysis
        • Wireshark tricks
      • Specific Software/File-Type Tricks
        • Decompile compiled python binaries (exe, elf) - Retreive from .pyc
        • Browser Artifacts
        • Deofuscation vbs (cscript.exe)
        • Local Cloud Storage
        • Office file analysis
        • PDF File analysis
        • PNG tricks
        • Video and Audio file analysis
        • ZIPs tricks
      • Windows Artifacts
        • Interesting Windows Registry Keys
    • Brute Force - CheatSheet
    • Python Sandbox Escape & Pyscript
      • Bypass Python sandboxes
        • LOAD_NAME / LOAD_CONST opcode OOB Read
      • Class Pollution (Python's Prototype Pollution)
      • Python Internal Read Gadgets
      • Pyscript
      • venv
      • Web Requests
      • Bruteforce hash (few chars)
      • Basic Python
    • Exfiltration
    • Tunneling and Port Forwarding
    • Threat Modeling
    • Search Exploits
    • Shells (Linux, Windows, MSFVenom)
      • MSFVenom - CheatSheet
      • Shells - Windows
      • Shells - Linux
      • Full TTYs
  • 🐧Linux Hardening
    • Checklist - Linux Privilege Escalation
    • Linux Privilege Escalation
      • Arbitrary File Write to Root
      • Cisco - vmanage
      • Containerd (ctr) Privilege Escalation
      • D-Bus Enumeration & Command Injection Privilege Escalation
      • Docker Security
        • Abusing Docker Socket for Privilege Escalation
        • AppArmor
        • AuthZ& AuthN - Docker Access Authorization Plugin
        • CGroups
        • Docker --privileged
        • Docker Breakout / Privilege Escalation
          • release_agent exploit - Relative Paths to PIDs
          • Docker release_agent cgroups escape
          • Sensitive Mounts
        • Namespaces
          • CGroup Namespace
          • IPC Namespace
          • PID Namespace
          • Mount Namespace
          • Network Namespace
          • Time Namespace
          • User Namespace
          • UTS Namespace
        • Seccomp
        • Weaponizing Distroless
      • Escaping from Jails
      • euid, ruid, suid
      • Interesting Groups - Linux Privesc
        • lxd/lxc Group - Privilege escalation
      • Logstash
      • ld.so privesc exploit example
      • Linux Active Directory
      • Linux Capabilities
      • NFS no_root_squash/no_all_squash misconfiguration PE
      • Node inspector/CEF debug abuse
      • Payloads to execute
      • RunC Privilege Escalation
      • SELinux
      • Socket Command Injection
      • Splunk LPE and Persistence
      • SSH Forward Agent exploitation
      • Wildcards Spare tricks
    • Useful Linux Commands
    • Bypass Linux Restrictions
      • Bypass FS protections: read-only / no-exec / Distroless
        • DDexec / EverythingExec
    • Linux Environment Variables
    • Linux Post-Exploitation
      • PAM - Pluggable Authentication Modules
    • FreeIPA Pentesting
  • 🍏MacOS Hardening
    • macOS Security & Privilege Escalation
      • macOS Apps - Inspecting, debugging and Fuzzing
        • Introduction to x64
        • Introduction to ARM64v8
      • macOS AppleFS
      • macOS Bypassing Firewalls
      • macOS Defensive Apps
      • macOS GCD - Grand Central Dispatch
      • macOS Kernel & System Extensions
        • macOS IOKit
        • macOS Kernel Extensions
        • macOS Kernel Vulnerabilities
        • macOS System Extensions
      • macOS Network Services & Protocols
      • macOS File Extension & URL scheme app handlers
      • macOS Files, Folders, Binaries & Memory
        • macOS Bundles
        • macOS Installers Abuse
        • macOS Memory Dumping
        • macOS Sensitive Locations & Interesting Daemons
        • macOS Universal binaries & Mach-O Format
      • macOS Objective-C
      • macOS Privilege Escalation
      • macOS Process Abuse
        • macOS Dirty NIB
        • macOS Chromium Injection
        • macOS Electron Applications Injection
        • macOS Function Hooking
        • macOS IPC - Inter Process Communication
          • macOS MIG - Mach Interface Generator
          • macOS XPC
            • macOS XPC Authorization
            • macOS XPC Connecting Process Check
              • macOS PID Reuse
              • macOS xpc_connection_get_audit_token Attack
          • macOS Thread Injection via Task port
        • macOS Java Applications Injection
        • macOS Library Injection
          • macOS Dyld Hijacking & DYLD_INSERT_LIBRARIES
          • macOS Dyld Process
        • macOS Perl Applications Injection
        • macOS Python Applications Injection
        • macOS Ruby Applications Injection
        • macOS .Net Applications Injection
      • macOS Security Protections
        • macOS Gatekeeper / Quarantine / XProtect
        • macOS Launch/Environment Constraints & Trust Cache
        • macOS Sandbox
          • macOS Default Sandbox Debug
          • macOS Sandbox Debug & Bypass
            • macOS Office Sandbox Bypasses
        • macOS SIP
        • macOS TCC
          • macOS Apple Events
          • macOS TCC Bypasses
            • macOS Apple Scripts
          • macOS TCC Payloads
        • macOS Dangerous Entitlements & TCC perms
        • macOS FS Tricks
          • macOS xattr-acls extra stuff
      • macOS Users
    • macOS Red Teaming
      • macOS MDM
        • Enrolling Devices in Other Organisations
        • macOS Serial Number
      • macOS Keychain
    • macOS Useful Commands
    • macOS Auto Start
  • 🪟Windows Hardening
    • Checklist - Local Windows Privilege Escalation
    • Windows Local Privilege Escalation
      • Abusing Tokens
      • Access Tokens
      • ACLs - DACLs/SACLs/ACEs
      • AppendData/AddSubdirectory permission over service registry
      • Create MSI with WIX
      • COM Hijacking
      • Dll Hijacking
        • Writable Sys Path +Dll Hijacking Privesc
      • DPAPI - Extracting Passwords
      • From High Integrity to SYSTEM with Name Pipes
      • Integrity Levels
      • JuicyPotato
      • Leaked Handle Exploitation
      • MSI Wrapper
      • Named Pipe Client Impersonation
      • Privilege Escalation with Autoruns
      • RoguePotato, PrintSpoofer, SharpEfsPotato, GodPotato
      • SeDebug + SeImpersonate copy token
      • SeImpersonate from High To System
      • Windows C Payloads
    • Active Directory Methodology
      • Abusing Active Directory ACLs/ACEs
        • Shadow Credentials
      • AD Certificates
        • AD CS Account Persistence
        • AD CS Domain Escalation
        • AD CS Domain Persistence
        • AD CS Certificate Theft
      • AD information in printers
      • AD DNS Records
      • ASREPRoast
      • BloodHound & Other AD Enum Tools
      • Constrained Delegation
      • Custom SSP
      • DCShadow
      • DCSync
      • Diamond Ticket
      • DSRM Credentials
      • External Forest Domain - OneWay (Inbound) or bidirectional
      • External Forest Domain - One-Way (Outbound)
      • Golden Ticket
      • Kerberoast
      • Kerberos Authentication
      • Kerberos Double Hop Problem
      • LAPS
      • MSSQL AD Abuse
      • Over Pass the Hash/Pass the Key
      • Pass the Ticket
      • Password Spraying / Brute Force
      • PrintNightmare
      • Force NTLM Privileged Authentication
      • Privileged Groups
      • RDP Sessions Abuse
      • Resource-based Constrained Delegation
      • Security Descriptors
      • SID-History Injection
      • Silver Ticket
      • Skeleton Key
      • Unconstrained Delegation
    • Windows Security Controls
      • UAC - User Account Control
    • NTLM
      • Places to steal NTLM creds
    • Lateral Movement
      • AtExec / SchtasksExec
      • DCOM Exec
      • PsExec/Winexec/ScExec
      • SmbExec/ScExec
      • WinRM
      • WmicExec
    • Pivoting to the Cloud
    • Stealing Windows Credentials
      • Windows Credentials Protections
      • Mimikatz
      • WTS Impersonator
    • Basic Win CMD for Pentesters
    • Basic PowerShell for Pentesters
      • PowerView/SharpView
    • Antivirus (AV) Bypass
  • 📱Mobile Pentesting
    • Android APK Checklist
    • Android Applications Pentesting
      • Android Applications Basics
      • Android Task Hijacking
      • ADB Commands
      • APK decompilers
      • AVD - Android Virtual Device
      • Bypass Biometric Authentication (Android)
      • content:// protocol
      • Drozer Tutorial
        • Exploiting Content Providers
      • Exploiting a debuggeable application
      • Frida Tutorial
        • Frida Tutorial 1
        • Frida Tutorial 2
        • Frida Tutorial 3
        • Objection Tutorial
      • Google CTF 2018 - Shall We Play a Game?
      • Install Burp Certificate
      • Intent Injection
      • Make APK Accept CA Certificate
      • Manual DeObfuscation
      • React Native Application
      • Reversing Native Libraries
      • Smali - Decompiling/[Modifying]/Compiling
      • Spoofing your location in Play Store
      • Tapjacking
      • Webview Attacks
    • iOS Pentesting Checklist
    • iOS Pentesting
      • iOS App Extensions
      • iOS Basics
      • iOS Basic Testing Operations
      • iOS Burp Suite Configuration
      • iOS Custom URI Handlers / Deeplinks / Custom Schemes
      • iOS Extracting Entitlements From Compiled Application
      • iOS Frida Configuration
      • iOS Hooking With Objection
      • iOS Protocol Handlers
      • iOS Serialisation and Encoding
      • iOS Testing Environment
      • iOS UIActivity Sharing
      • iOS Universal Links
      • iOS UIPasteboard
      • iOS WebViews
    • Cordova Apps
    • Xamarin Apps
  • 👽Network Services Pentesting
    • Pentesting JDWP - Java Debug Wire Protocol
    • Pentesting Printers
    • Pentesting SAP
    • Pentesting VoIP
      • Basic VoIP Protocols
        • SIP (Session Initiation Protocol)
    • Pentesting Remote GdbServer
    • 7/tcp/udp - Pentesting Echo
    • 21 - Pentesting FTP
      • FTP Bounce attack - Scan
      • FTP Bounce - Download 2ºFTP file
    • 22 - Pentesting SSH/SFTP
    • 23 - Pentesting Telnet
    • 25,465,587 - Pentesting SMTP/s
      • SMTP Smuggling
      • SMTP - Commands
    • 43 - Pentesting WHOIS
    • 49 - Pentesting TACACS+
    • 53 - Pentesting DNS
    • 69/UDP TFTP/Bittorrent-tracker
    • 79 - Pentesting Finger
    • 80,443 - Pentesting Web Methodology
      • 403 & 401 Bypasses
      • AEM - Adobe Experience Cloud
      • Angular
      • Apache
      • Artifactory Hacking guide
      • Bolt CMS
      • Buckets
        • Firebase Database
      • CGI
      • DotNetNuke (DNN)
      • Drupal
      • Electron Desktop Apps
        • Electron contextIsolation RCE via preload code
        • Electron contextIsolation RCE via Electron internal code
        • Electron contextIsolation RCE via IPC
      • Flask
      • NodeJS Express
      • Git
      • Golang
      • GWT - Google Web Toolkit
      • Grafana
      • GraphQL
      • H2 - Java SQL database
      • IIS - Internet Information Services
      • ImageMagick Security
      • JBOSS
      • JIRA
      • Joomla
      • JSP
      • Laravel
      • Moodle
      • Nginx
      • PHP Tricks
        • PHP - Useful Functions & disable_functions/open_basedir bypass
          • disable_functions bypass - php-fpm/FastCGI
          • disable_functions bypass - dl function
          • disable_functions bypass - PHP 7.0-7.4 (*nix only)
          • disable_functions bypass - Imagick <= 3.3.0 PHP >= 5.4 Exploit
          • disable_functions - PHP 5.x Shellshock Exploit
          • disable_functions - PHP 5.2.4 ionCube extension Exploit
          • disable_functions bypass - PHP <= 5.2.9 on windows
          • disable_functions bypass - PHP 5.2.4 and 5.2.5 PHP cURL
          • disable_functions bypass - PHP safe_mode bypass via proc_open() and custom environment Exploit
          • disable_functions bypass - PHP Perl Extension Safe_mode Bypass Exploit
          • disable_functions bypass - PHP 5.2.3 - Win32std ext Protections Bypass
          • disable_functions bypass - PHP 5.2 - FOpen Exploit
          • disable_functions bypass - via mem
          • disable_functions bypass - mod_cgi
          • disable_functions bypass - PHP 4 >= 4.2.0, PHP 5 pcntl_exec
        • PHP - RCE abusing object creation: new $_GET["a"]($_GET["b"])
        • PHP SSRF
      • Python
      • Rocket Chat
      • Special HTTP headers
      • Source code Review / SAST Tools
      • Spring Actuators
      • Symfony
      • Tomcat
        • Basic Tomcat Info
      • Uncovering CloudFlare
      • VMWare (ESX, VCenter...)
      • WAF Bypass
      • Web API Pentesting
      • WebDav
      • Werkzeug / Flask Debug
      • Wordpress
    • 88tcp/udp - Pentesting Kerberos
      • Harvesting tickets from Windows
      • Harvesting tickets from Linux
    • 110,995 - Pentesting POP
    • 111/TCP/UDP - Pentesting Portmapper
    • 113 - Pentesting Ident
    • 123/udp - Pentesting NTP
    • 135, 593 - Pentesting MSRPC
    • 137,138,139 - Pentesting NetBios
    • 139,445 - Pentesting SMB
      • rpcclient enumeration
    • 143,993 - Pentesting IMAP
    • 161,162,10161,10162/udp - Pentesting SNMP
      • Cisco SNMP
      • SNMP RCE
    • 194,6667,6660-7000 - Pentesting IRC
    • 264 - Pentesting Check Point FireWall-1
    • 389, 636, 3268, 3269 - Pentesting LDAP
    • 500/udp - Pentesting IPsec/IKE VPN
    • 502 - Pentesting Modbus
    • 512 - Pentesting Rexec
    • 513 - Pentesting Rlogin
    • 514 - Pentesting Rsh
    • 515 - Pentesting Line Printer Daemon (LPD)
    • 548 - Pentesting Apple Filing Protocol (AFP)
    • 554,8554 - Pentesting RTSP
    • 623/UDP/TCP - IPMI
    • 631 - Internet Printing Protocol(IPP)
    • 700 - Pentesting EPP
    • 873 - Pentesting Rsync
    • 1026 - Pentesting Rusersd
    • 1080 - Pentesting Socks
    • 1098/1099/1050 - Pentesting Java RMI - RMI-IIOP
    • 1414 - Pentesting IBM MQ
    • 1433 - Pentesting MSSQL - Microsoft SQL Server
      • Types of MSSQL Users
    • 1521,1522-1529 - Pentesting Oracle TNS Listener
    • 1723 - Pentesting PPTP
    • 1883 - Pentesting MQTT (Mosquitto)
    • 2049 - Pentesting NFS Service
    • 2301,2381 - Pentesting Compaq/HP Insight Manager
    • 2375, 2376 Pentesting Docker
    • 3128 - Pentesting Squid
    • 3260 - Pentesting ISCSI
    • 3299 - Pentesting SAPRouter
    • 3306 - Pentesting Mysql
    • 3389 - Pentesting RDP
    • 3632 - Pentesting distcc
    • 3690 - Pentesting Subversion (svn server)
    • 3702/UDP - Pentesting WS-Discovery
    • 4369 - Pentesting Erlang Port Mapper Daemon (epmd)
    • 4786 - Cisco Smart Install
    • 4840 - OPC Unified Architecture
    • 5000 - Pentesting Docker Registry
    • 5353/UDP Multicast DNS (mDNS) and DNS-SD
    • 5432,5433 - Pentesting Postgresql
    • 5439 - Pentesting Redshift
    • 5555 - Android Debug Bridge
    • 5601 - Pentesting Kibana
    • 5671,5672 - Pentesting AMQP
    • 5800,5801,5900,5901 - Pentesting VNC
    • 5984,6984 - Pentesting CouchDB
    • 5985,5986 - Pentesting WinRM
    • 5985,5986 - Pentesting OMI
    • 6000 - Pentesting X11
    • 6379 - Pentesting Redis
    • 8009 - Pentesting Apache JServ Protocol (AJP)
    • 8086 - Pentesting InfluxDB
    • 8089 - Pentesting Splunkd
    • 8333,18333,38333,18444 - Pentesting Bitcoin
    • 9000 - Pentesting FastCGI
    • 9001 - Pentesting HSQLDB
    • 9042/9160 - Pentesting Cassandra
    • 9100 - Pentesting Raw Printing (JetDirect, AppSocket, PDL-datastream)
    • 9200 - Pentesting Elasticsearch
    • 10000 - Pentesting Network Data Management Protocol (ndmp)
    • 11211 - Pentesting Memcache
      • Memcache Commands
    • 15672 - Pentesting RabbitMQ Management
    • 24007,24008,24009,49152 - Pentesting GlusterFS
    • 27017,27018 - Pentesting MongoDB
    • 44134 - Pentesting Tiller (Helm)
    • 44818/UDP/TCP - Pentesting EthernetIP
    • 47808/udp - Pentesting BACNet
    • 50030,50060,50070,50075,50090 - Pentesting Hadoop
  • 🕸️Pentesting Web
    • Web Vulnerabilities Methodology
    • Reflecting Techniques - PoCs and Polygloths CheatSheet
      • Web Vulns List
    • 2FA/OTP Bypass
    • Account Takeover
    • Browser Extension Pentesting Methodology
      • BrowExt - ClickJacking
      • BrowExt - permissions & host_permissions
      • BrowExt - XSS Example
    • Bypass Payment Process
    • Captcha Bypass
    • Cache Poisoning and Cache Deception
      • Cache Poisoning to DoS
    • Clickjacking
    • Client Side Template Injection (CSTI)
    • Client Side Path Traversal
    • Command Injection
    • Content Security Policy (CSP) Bypass
      • CSP bypass: self + 'unsafe-inline' with Iframes
    • Cookies Hacking
      • Cookie Tossing
      • Cookie Jar Overflow
      • Cookie Bomb
    • CORS - Misconfigurations & Bypass
    • CRLF (%0D%0A) Injection
    • CSRF (Cross Site Request Forgery)
    • Dangling Markup - HTML scriptless injection
      • SS-Leaks
    • Dependency Confusion
    • Deserialization
      • NodeJS - __proto__ & prototype Pollution
        • Client Side Prototype Pollution
        • Express Prototype Pollution Gadgets
        • Prototype Pollution to RCE
      • Java JSF ViewState (.faces) Deserialization
      • Java DNS Deserialization, GadgetProbe and Java Deserialization Scanner
      • Basic Java Deserialization (ObjectInputStream, readObject)
      • PHP - Deserialization + Autoload Classes
      • CommonsCollection1 Payload - Java Transformers to Rutime exec() and Thread Sleep
      • Basic .Net deserialization (ObjectDataProvider gadget, ExpandedWrapper, and Json.Net)
      • Exploiting __VIEWSTATE knowing the secrets
      • Exploiting __VIEWSTATE without knowing the secrets
      • Python Yaml Deserialization
      • JNDI - Java Naming and Directory Interface & Log4Shell
    • Domain/Subdomain takeover
    • Email Injections
    • File Inclusion/Path traversal
      • phar:// deserialization
      • LFI2RCE via PHP Filters
      • LFI2RCE via Nginx temp files
      • LFI2RCE via PHP_SESSION_UPLOAD_PROGRESS
      • LFI2RCE via Segmentation Fault
      • LFI2RCE via phpinfo()
      • LFI2RCE Via temp file uploads
      • LFI2RCE via Eternal waiting
      • LFI2RCE Via compress.zlib + PHP_STREAM_PREFER_STUDIO + Path Disclosure
    • File Upload
      • PDF Upload - XXE and CORS bypass
    • Formula/CSV/Doc/LaTeX/GhostScript Injection
    • gRPC-Web Pentest
    • HTTP Connection Contamination
    • HTTP Connection Request Smuggling
    • HTTP Request Smuggling / HTTP Desync Attack
      • Browser HTTP Request Smuggling
      • Request Smuggling in HTTP/2 Downgrades
    • HTTP Response Smuggling / Desync
    • Upgrade Header Smuggling
    • hop-by-hop headers
    • IDOR
    • Integer Overflow
    • JWT Vulnerabilities (Json Web Tokens)
    • LDAP Injection
    • Login Bypass
      • Login bypass List
    • NoSQL injection
    • OAuth to Account takeover
    • Open Redirect
    • Parameter Pollution
    • Phone Number Injections
    • PostMessage Vulnerabilities
      • Blocking main page to steal postmessage
      • Bypassing SOP with Iframes - 1
      • Bypassing SOP with Iframes - 2
      • Steal postmessage modifying iframe location
    • Proxy / WAF Protections Bypass
    • Race Condition
    • Rate Limit Bypass
    • Registration & Takeover Vulnerabilities
    • Regular expression Denial of Service - ReDoS
    • Reset/Forgotten Password Bypass
    • SAML Attacks
      • SAML Basics
    • Server Side Inclusion/Edge Side Inclusion Injection
    • SQL Injection
      • MS Access SQL Injection
      • MSSQL Injection
      • MySQL injection
        • MySQL File priv to SSRF/RCE
      • Oracle injection
      • Cypher Injection (neo4j)
      • PostgreSQL injection
        • dblink/lo_import data exfiltration
        • PL/pgSQL Password Bruteforce
        • Network - Privesc, Port Scanner and NTLM chanllenge response disclosure
        • Big Binary Files Upload (PostgreSQL)
        • RCE with PostgreSQL Languages
        • RCE with PostgreSQL Extensions
      • SQLMap - Cheetsheat
        • Second Order Injection - SQLMap
    • SSRF (Server Side Request Forgery)
      • URL Format Bypass
      • SSRF Vulnerable Platforms
      • Cloud SSRF
    • SSTI (Server Side Template Injection)
      • EL - Expression Language
      • Jinja2 SSTI
    • Reverse Tab Nabbing
    • Unicode Injection
      • Unicode Normalization
    • WebSocket Attacks
    • Web Tool - WFuzz
    • XPATH injection
    • XSLT Server Side Injection (Extensible Stylesheet Language Transformations)
    • XXE - XEE - XML External Entity
    • XSS (Cross Site Scripting)
      • Abusing Service Workers
      • Chrome Cache to XSS
      • Debugging Client Side JS
      • Dom Clobbering
      • DOM Invader
      • DOM XSS
      • Iframes in XSS, CSP and SOP
      • JS Hoisting
      • Misc JS Tricks & Relevant Info
      • PDF Injection
      • Server Side XSS (Dynamic PDF)
      • Shadow DOM
      • SOME - Same Origin Method Execution
      • Sniff Leak
      • Steal Info JS
      • XSS in Markdown
    • XSSI (Cross-Site Script Inclusion)
    • XS-Search/XS-Leaks
      • Connection Pool Examples
      • Connection Pool by Destination Example
      • Cookie Bomb + Onerror XS Leak
      • URL Max Length - Client Side
      • performance.now example
      • performance.now + Force heavy task
      • Event Loop Blocking + Lazy images
      • JavaScript Execution XS Leak
      • CSS Injection
        • CSS Injection Code
  • ⛈️Cloud Security
    • Pentesting Kubernetes
    • Pentesting Cloud (AWS, GCP, Az...)
    • Pentesting CI/CD (Github, Jenkins, Terraform...)
  • 😎Hardware/Physical Access
    • Physical Attacks
    • Escaping from KIOSKs
    • Firmware Analysis
      • Bootloader testing
      • Firmware Integrity
  • 🎯Binary Exploitation
    • Basic Binary Exploitation Methodology
      • ELF Basic Information
      • Exploiting Tools
        • PwnTools
    • Stack Overflow
      • Pointer Redirecting
      • Ret2win
        • Ret2win - arm64
      • Stack Shellcode
        • Stack Shellcode - arm64
      • Stack Pivoting - EBP2Ret - EBP chaining
      • Uninitialized Variables
    • ROP - Return Oriented Programing
      • BROP - Blind Return Oriented Programming
      • Ret2csu
      • Ret2dlresolve
      • Ret2esp / Ret2reg
      • Ret2lib
        • Leaking libc address with ROP
          • Leaking libc - template
        • One Gadget
        • Ret2lib + Printf leak - arm64
      • Ret2syscall
        • Ret2syscall - ARM64
      • Ret2vDSO
      • SROP - Sigreturn-Oriented Programming
        • SROP - ARM64
    • Array Indexing
    • Integer Overflow
    • Format Strings
      • Format Strings - Arbitrary Read Example
      • Format Strings Template
    • Heap
      • Use After Free
      • Heap Overflow
    • Common Binary Exploitation Protections & Bypasses
      • ASLR
        • Ret2plt
        • Ret2ret & Reo2pop
      • CET & Shadow Stack
      • Libc Protections
      • Memory Tagging Extension (MTE)
      • No-exec / NX
      • PIE
        • BF Addresses in the Stack
      • Relro
      • Stack Canaries
        • BF Forked & Threaded Stack Canaries
        • Print Stack Canary
    • Write What Where 2 Exec
      • WWW2Exec - atexit()
      • WWW2Exec - .dtors & .fini_array
      • WWW2Exec - GOT/PLT
      • WWW2Exec - __malloc_hook
    • Common Exploiting Problems
    • Windows Exploiting (Basic Guide - OSCP lvl)
    • Linux Exploiting (Basic) (SPA)
  • 🔩Reversing
    • Reversing Tools & Basic Methods
      • Angr
        • Angr - Examples
      • Z3 - Satisfiability Modulo Theories (SMT)
      • Cheat Engine
      • Blobrunner
    • Common API used in Malware
    • Word Macros
  • 🔮Crypto & Stego
    • Cryptographic/Compression Algorithms
      • Unpacking binaries
    • Certificates
    • Cipher Block Chaining CBC-MAC
    • Crypto CTFs Tricks
    • Electronic Code Book (ECB)
    • Hash Length Extension Attack
    • Padding Oracle
    • RC4 - Encrypt&Decrypt
    • Stego Tricks
    • Esoteric languages
    • Blockchain & Crypto Currencies
  • 🦂C2
    • Salseo
    • ICMPsh
    • Cobalt Strike
  • ✍️TODO
    • Other Big References
    • Rust Basics
    • More Tools
    • MISC
    • Pentesting DNS
    • Hardware Hacking
      • I2C
      • UART
      • Radio
      • JTAG
      • SPI
    • Radio Hacking
      • Pentesting RFID
      • Infrared
      • Sub-GHz RF
      • iButton
      • Flipper Zero
        • FZ - NFC
        • FZ - Sub-GHz
        • FZ - Infrared
        • FZ - iButton
        • FZ - 125kHz RFID
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由 GitBook 提供支持
在本页
  • 输入以到达地址(指示地址)
  • 到达地址的输入(指示打印)
  • 注册表数值
  • 栈值
  • 静态内存值(全局变量)
  • 动态内存值(Malloc)
  • 文件模拟
  • 应用约束
  • 模拟管理器
  • 钩住/绕过对函数的一次调用
  • Hooking a function / Simprocedure
  • 钩住一个函数 / Simprocedure
  • 模拟带有多个参数的scanf
  • 静态二进制文件
  1. Reversing
  2. Reversing Tools & Basic Methods
  3. Angr

Angr - Examples

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如果程序使用scanf从stdin中一次获取多个值,则需要生成一个在**scanf**之后开始的状态。

代码取自

输入以到达地址(指示地址)

import angr
import sys

def main(argv):
path_to_binary = argv[1]  # :string
project = angr.Project(path_to_binary)

# Start in main()
initial_state = project.factory.entry_state()
# Start simulation
simulation = project.factory.simgr(initial_state)

# Find the way yo reach the good address
good_address = 0x804867d

# Avoiding this address
avoid_address = 0x080485A8
simulation.explore(find=good_address, avoid=avoid_address)

# If found a way to reach the address
if simulation.found:
solution_state = simulation.found[0]

# Print the string that Angr wrote to stdin to follow solution_state
print(solution_state.posix.dumps(sys.stdin.fileno()))
else:
raise Exception('Could not find the solution')

if __name__ == '__main__':
main(sys.argv)

到达地址的输入(指示打印)

# If you don't know the address you want to recah, but you know it's printing something
# You can also indicate that info

import angr
import sys

def main(argv):
path_to_binary = argv[1]
project = angr.Project(path_to_binary)
initial_state = project.factory.entry_state()
simulation = project.factory.simgr(initial_state)

def is_successful(state):
#Successful print
stdout_output = state.posix.dumps(sys.stdout.fileno())
return b'Good Job.' in stdout_output

def should_abort(state):
#Avoid this print
stdout_output = state.posix.dumps(sys.stdout.fileno())
return b'Try again.' in stdout_output

simulation.explore(find=is_successful, avoid=should_abort)

if simulation.found:
solution_state = simulation.found[0]
print(solution_state.posix.dumps(sys.stdin.fileno()))
else:
raise Exception('Could not find the solution')

if __name__ == '__main__':
main(sys.argv)

注册表数值

# Angr doesn't currently support reading multiple things with scanf (Ex:
# scanf("%u %u).) You will have to tell the simulation engine to begin the
# program after scanf is called and manually inject the symbols into registers.

import angr
import claripy
import sys

def main(argv):
path_to_binary = argv[1]
project = angr.Project(path_to_binary)

# Address were you want to indicate the relation BitVector - registries
start_address = 0x80488d1
initial_state = project.factory.blank_state(addr=start_address)


# Create Bit Vectors
password0_size_in_bits = 32  # :integer
password0 = claripy.BVS('password0', password0_size_in_bits)

password1_size_in_bits = 32  # :integer
password1 = claripy.BVS('password1', password1_size_in_bits)

password2_size_in_bits = 32  # :integer
password2 = claripy.BVS('password2', password2_size_in_bits)

# Relate it Vectors with the registriy values you are interested in to reach an address
initial_state.regs.eax = password0
initial_state.regs.ebx = password1
initial_state.regs.edx = password2

simulation = project.factory.simgr(initial_state)

def is_successful(state):
stdout_output = state.posix.dumps(sys.stdout.fileno())
return 'Good Job.'.encode() in stdout_output

def should_abort(state):
stdout_output = state.posix.dumps(sys.stdout.fileno())
return 'Try again.'.encode() in stdout_output

simulation.explore(find=is_successful, avoid=should_abort)

if simulation.found:
solution_state = simulation.found[0]

solution0 = solution_state.solver.eval(password0)
solution1 = solution_state.solver.eval(password1)
solution2 = solution_state.solver.eval(password2)

# Aggregate and format the solutions you computed above, and then print
# the full string. Pay attention to the order of the integers, and the
# expected base (decimal, octal, hexadecimal, etc).
solution = ' '.join(map('{:x}'.format, [ solution0, solution1, solution2 ]))  # :string
print(solution)
else:
raise Exception('Could not find the solution')

if __name__ == '__main__':
main(sys.argv)

栈值

# Put bit vectors in th stack to find out the vallue that stack position need to
# have to reach a rogram flow

import angr
import claripy
import sys

def main(argv):
path_to_binary = argv[1]
project = angr.Project(path_to_binary)

# Go to some address after the scanf where values have already being set in the stack
start_address = 0x8048697
initial_state = project.factory.blank_state(addr=start_address)

# Since we are starting after scanf, we are skipping this stack construction
# step. To make up for this, we need to construct the stack ourselves. Let us
# start by initializing ebp in the exact same way the program does.
initial_state.regs.ebp = initial_state.regs.esp

# In this case scanf("%u %u") is used, so 2 BVS are going to be needed
password0 = claripy.BVS('password0', 32)
password1 = claripy.BVS('password1', 32)

# Now, in the address were you have stopped, check were are the scanf values saved
# Then, substrack form the esp registry the needing padding to get to the
# part of the stack were the scanf values are being saved and push the BVS
# (see the image below to understan this -8)
padding_length_in_bytes = 8  # :integer
initial_state.regs.esp -= padding_length_in_bytes

initial_state.stack_push(password0)
initial_state.stack_push(password1)

simulation = project.factory.simgr(initial_state)

def is_successful(state):
stdout_output = state.posix.dumps(sys.stdout.fileno())
return 'Good Job.'.encode() in stdout_output

def should_abort(state):
stdout_output = state.posix.dumps(sys.stdout.fileno())
return 'Try again.'.encode() in stdout_output

simulation.explore(find=is_successful, avoid=should_abort)

if simulation.found:
solution_state = simulation.found[0]

solution0 = solution_state.solver.eval(password0)
solution1 = solution_state.solver.eval(password1)

solution = ' '.join(map(str, [ solution0, solution1 ]))
print(solution)
else:
raise Exception('Could not find the solution')

if __name__ == '__main__':
main(sys.argv)

在这种情况下,输入是用 scanf("%u %u") 获取的,给定的值是 "1 1",所以栈中的值 0x00000001 来自用户输入。您可以看到这些值是如何从 $ebp - 8 开始的。因此,在代码中,我们已经从 $esp 减去了 8 字节(因为在那时刻 $ebp 和 $esp 具有相同的值),然后我们推入了 BVS。

静态内存值(全局变量)

import angr
import claripy
import sys

def main(argv):
path_to_binary = argv[1]
project = angr.Project(path_to_binary)

#Get an address after the scanf. Once the input has already being saved in the memory positions
start_address = 0x8048606
initial_state = project.factory.blank_state(addr=start_address)

# The binary is calling scanf("%8s %8s %8s %8s").
# So we need 4 BVS of size 8*8
password0 = claripy.BVS('password0', 8*8)
password1 = claripy.BVS('password1', 8*8)
password2 = claripy.BVS('password2', 8*8)
password3 = claripy.BVS('password3', 8*8)

# Write the symbolic BVS in the memory positions
password0_address = 0xa29faa0
initial_state.memory.store(password0_address, password0)
password1_address = 0xa29faa8
initial_state.memory.store(password1_address, password1)
password2_address = 0xa29fab0
initial_state.memory.store(password2_address, password2)
password3_address = 0xa29fab8
initial_state.memory.store(password3_address, password3)

simulation = project.factory.simgr(initial_state)

def is_successful(state):
stdout_output = state.posix.dumps(sys.stdout.fileno())
return 'Good Job.'.encode() in stdout_output

def should_abort(state):
stdout_output = state.posix.dumps(sys.stdout.fileno())
return 'Try again.'.encode() in stdout_output

simulation.explore(find=is_successful, avoid=should_abort)

if simulation.found:
solution_state = simulation.found[0]

# Get the values the memory addresses should store
solution0 = solution_state.solver.eval(password0,cast_to=bytes).decode()
solution1 = solution_state.solver.eval(password1,cast_to=bytes).decode()
solution2 = solution_state.solver.eval(password2,cast_to=bytes).decode()
solution3 = solution_state.solver.eval(password3,cast_to=bytes).decode()

solution = ' '.join([ solution0, solution1, solution2, solution3 ])

print(solution)
else:
raise Exception('Could not find the solution')

if __name__ == '__main__':
main(sys.argv)

动态内存值(Malloc)

import angr
import claripy
import sys

def main(argv):
path_to_binary = argv[1]
project = angr.Project(path_to_binary)

# Get address after scanf
start_address = 0x804869e
initial_state = project.factory.blank_state(addr=start_address)

# The binary is calling scanf("%8s %8s") so 2 BVS are needed.
password0 = claripy.BVS('password0', 8*8)
password1 = claripy.BVS('password0', 8*8)

# Find a coupble of addresses that aren't used by the binary (like 0x4444444 & 0x4444454)
# The address generated by mallosc is going to be saved in some address
# Then, make that address point to the fake heap addresses were the BVS are going to be saved
fake_heap_address0 = 0x4444444
pointer_to_malloc_memory_address0 = 0xa79a118
initial_state.memory.store(pointer_to_malloc_memory_address0, fake_heap_address0, endness=project.arch.memory_endness)
fake_heap_address1 = 0x4444454
pointer_to_malloc_memory_address1 = 0xa79a120
initial_state.memory.store(pointer_to_malloc_memory_address1, fake_heap_address1, endness=project.arch.memory_endness)

# Save the VBS in the new fake heap addresses created
initial_state.memory.store(fake_heap_address0, password0)
initial_state.memory.store(fake_heap_address1, password1)

simulation = project.factory.simgr(initial_state)

def is_successful(state):
stdout_output = state.posix.dumps(sys.stdout.fileno())
return 'Good Job.'.encode() in stdout_output

def should_abort(state):
stdout_output = state.posix.dumps(sys.stdout.fileno())
return 'Try again.'.encode() in stdout_output

simulation.explore(find=is_successful, avoid=should_abort)

if simulation.found:
solution_state = simulation.found[0]

solution0 = solution_state.solver.eval(password0,cast_to=bytes).decode()
solution1 = solution_state.solver.eval(password1,cast_to=bytes).decode()

solution = ' '.join([ solution0, solution1 ])

print(solution)
else:
raise Exception('Could not find the solution')

if __name__ == '__main__':
main(sys.argv)

文件模拟

#In this challenge a password is read from a file and we want to simulate its content

import angr
import claripy
import sys

def main(argv):
path_to_binary = argv[1]
project = angr.Project(path_to_binary)

# Get an address just before opening the file with th simbolic content
# Or at least when the file is not going to suffer more changes before being read
start_address = 0x80488db
initial_state = project.factory.blank_state(addr=start_address)

# Specify the filena that is going to open
# Note that in theory, the filename could be symbolic.
filename = 'WCEXPXBW.txt'
symbolic_file_size_bytes = 64

# Create a BV which is going to be the content of the simbolic file
password = claripy.BVS('password', symbolic_file_size_bytes * 8)

# Create the file simulation with the simbolic content
password_file = angr.storage.SimFile(filename, content=password)

# Add the symbolic file we created to the symbolic filesystem.
initial_state.fs.insert(filename, password_file)

simulation = project.factory.simgr(initial_state)

def is_successful(state):
stdout_output = state.posix.dumps(sys.stdout.fileno())
return 'Good Job.'.encode() in stdout_output

def should_abort(state):
stdout_output = state.posix.dumps(sys.stdout.fileno())
return 'Try again.'.encode() in stdout_output

simulation.explore(find=is_successful, avoid=should_abort)

if simulation.found:
solution_state = simulation.found[0]

solution = solution_state.solver.eval(password,cast_to=bytes).decode()

print(solution)
else:
raise Exception('Could not find the solution')

if __name__ == '__main__':
main(sys.argv)

请注意,符号文件还可能包含与符号数据合并的常量数据:

# Hello world, my name is John.
# ^                       ^
# ^ address 0             ^ address 24 (count the number of characters)
# In order to represent this in memory, we would want to write the string to
# the beginning of the file:
#
# hello_txt_contents = claripy.BVV('Hello world, my name is John.', 30*8)
#
# Perhaps, then, we would want to replace John with a
# symbolic variable. We would call:
#
# name_bitvector = claripy.BVS('symbolic_name', 4*8)
#
# Then, after the program calls fopen('hello.txt', 'r') and then
# fread(buffer, sizeof(char), 30, hello_txt_file), the buffer would contain
# the string from the file, except four symbolic bytes where the name would be
# stored.
# (!)

应用约束

有时候像逐个字符比较长度为16的两个单词这样简单的人类操作(循环),对于angr来说会花费很多资源,因为它需要指数级地生成分支,因为它会根据if语句生成1个分支:2^16 因此,更容易要求angr回到先前的一个点(在那里真正困难的部分已经完成),然后手动设置这些约束。

# After perform some complex poperations to the input the program checks
# char by char the password against another password saved, like in the snippet:
#
# #define REFERENCE_PASSWORD = "AABBCCDDEEFFGGHH";
# int check_equals_AABBCCDDEEFFGGHH(char* to_check, size_t length) {
#   uint32_t num_correct = 0;
#   for (int i=0; i<length; ++i) {
#     if (to_check[i] == REFERENCE_PASSWORD[i]) {
#       num_correct += 1;
#     }
#   }
#   return num_correct == length;
# }
#
# ...
#
# char* input = user_input();
# char* encrypted_input = complex_function(input);
# if (check_equals_AABBCCDDEEFFGGHH(encrypted_input, 16)) {
#   puts("Good Job.");
# } else {
#   puts("Try again.");
# }
#
# The function checks if *to_check == "AABBCCDDEEFFGGHH". This is very RAM consumming
# as the computer needs to branch every time the if statement in the loop was called (16
# times), resulting in 2^16 = 65,536 branches, which will take too long of a
# time to evaluate for our needs.

import angr
import claripy
import sys

def main(argv):
path_to_binary = argv[1]
project = angr.Project(path_to_binary)

initial_state = project.factory.entry_state()

simulation = project.factory.simgr(initial_state)

# Get an address to check after the complex function and before the "easy compare" operation
address_to_check_constraint = 0x8048671
simulation.explore(find=address_to_check_constraint)


if simulation.found:
solution_state = simulation.found[0]

# Find were the input that is going to be compared is saved in memory
constrained_parameter_address = 0x804a050
constrained_parameter_size_bytes = 16
# Set the bitvector
constrained_parameter_bitvector = solution_state.memory.load(
constrained_parameter_address,
constrained_parameter_size_bytes
)

# Indicate angr that this BV at this point needs to be equal to the password
constrained_parameter_desired_value = 'BWYRUBQCMVSBRGFU'.encode()
solution_state.add_constraints(constrained_parameter_bitvector == constrained_parameter_desired_value)

print(solution_state.posix.dumps(sys.stdin.fileno()))
else:
raise Exception('Could not find the solution')

if __name__ == '__main__':
main(sys.argv)

在某些情况下,您可以激活veritesting,它将合并类似状态,以节省无用的分支并找到解决方案:simulation = project.factory.simgr(initial_state, veritesting=True)

在这些情况下,您可以做的另一件事是hook the function giving angr something it can understand更容易。

模拟管理器

有些模拟管理器可能比其他的更有用。在前面的示例中,存在一个问题,因为创建了许多有用的分支。在这里,veritesting技术将合并这些分支并找到解决方案。 这个模拟管理器也可以通过以下方式激活:simulation = project.factory.simgr(initial_state, veritesting=True)

import angr
import claripy
import sys

def main(argv):
path_to_binary = argv[1]
project = angr.Project(path_to_binary)

initial_state = project.factory.entry_state()

simulation = project.factory.simgr(initial_state)
# Set simulation technique
simulation.use_technique(angr.exploration_techniques.Veritesting())


def is_successful(state):
stdout_output = state.posix.dumps(sys.stdout.fileno())

return 'Good Job.'.encode() in stdout_output  # :boolean

def should_abort(state):
stdout_output = state.posix.dumps(sys.stdout.fileno())
return 'Try again.'.encode() in stdout_output  # :boolean

simulation.explore(find=is_successful, avoid=should_abort)

if simulation.found:
solution_state = simulation.found[0]
print(solution_state.posix.dumps(sys.stdin.fileno()))
else:
raise Exception('Could not find the solution')


if __name__ == '__main__':
main(sys.argv)

钩住/绕过对函数的一次调用

# This level performs the following computations:
#
# 1. Get 16 bytes of user input and encrypt it.
# 2. Save the result of check_equals_AABBCCDDEEFFGGHH (or similar)
# 3. Get another 16 bytes from the user and encrypt it.
# 4. Check that it's equal to a predefined password.
#
# The ONLY part of this program that we have to worry about is #2. We will be
# replacing the call to check_equals_ with our own version, using a hook, since
# check_equals_ will run too slowly otherwise.

import angr
import claripy
import sys

def main(argv):
path_to_binary = argv[1]
project = angr.Project(path_to_binary)

initial_state = project.factory.entry_state()

# Hook the address of the call to hook indicating th length of the instruction (of the call)
check_equals_called_address = 0x80486b8
instruction_to_skip_length = 5
@project.hook(check_equals_called_address, length=instruction_to_skip_length)
def skip_check_equals_(state):
#Load the input of the function reading direcly the memory
user_input_buffer_address = 0x804a054
user_input_buffer_length = 16
user_input_string = state.memory.load(
user_input_buffer_address,
user_input_buffer_length
)

# Create a simbolic IF that if the loaded string frommemory is the expected
# return True (1) if not returns False (0) in eax
check_against_string = 'XKSPZSJKJYQCQXZV'.encode() # :string

state.regs.eax = claripy.If(
user_input_string == check_against_string,
claripy.BVV(1, 32),
claripy.BVV(0, 32)
)

simulation = project.factory.simgr(initial_state)

def is_successful(state):
stdout_output = state.posix.dumps(sys.stdout.fileno())
return 'Good Job.'.encode() in stdout_output

def should_abort(state):
stdout_output = state.posix.dumps(sys.stdout.fileno())
return 'Try again.'.encode() in stdout_output

simulation.explore(find=is_successful, avoid=should_abort)

if simulation.found:
solution_state = simulation.found[0]
solution = solution_state.posix.dumps(sys.stdin.fileno()).decode()
print(solution)
else:
raise Exception('Could not find the solution')

if __name__ == '__main__':
main(sys.argv)

Hooking a function / Simprocedure

钩住一个函数 / Simprocedure

# Hook to the function called check_equals_WQNDNKKWAWOLXBAC

import angr
import claripy
import sys

def main(argv):
path_to_binary = argv[1]
project = angr.Project(path_to_binary)

initial_state = project.factory.entry_state()

# Define a class and a tun method to hook completelly a function
class ReplacementCheckEquals(angr.SimProcedure):
# This C code:
#
# int add_if_positive(int a, int b) {
#   if (a >= 0 && b >= 0) return a + b;
#   else return 0;
# }
#
# could be simulated with python:
#
# class ReplacementAddIfPositive(angr.SimProcedure):
#   def run(self, a, b):
#     if a >= 0 and b >=0:
#       return a + b
#     else:
#       return 0
#
# run(...) receives the params of the hooked function
def run(self, to_check, length):
user_input_buffer_address = to_check
user_input_buffer_length = length

# Read the data from the memory address given to the function
user_input_string = self.state.memory.load(
user_input_buffer_address,
user_input_buffer_length
)

check_against_string = 'WQNDNKKWAWOLXBAC'.encode()

# Return 1 if equals to the string, 0 otherways
return claripy.If(
user_input_string == check_against_string,
claripy.BVV(1, 32),
claripy.BVV(0, 32)
)


# Hook the check_equals symbol. Angr automatically looks up the address
# associated with the symbol. Alternatively, you can use 'hook' instead
# of 'hook_symbol' and specify the address of the function. To find the
# correct symbol, disassemble the binary.
# (!)
check_equals_symbol = 'check_equals_WQNDNKKWAWOLXBAC' # :string
project.hook_symbol(check_equals_symbol, ReplacementCheckEquals())

simulation = project.factory.simgr(initial_state)

def is_successful(state):
stdout_output = state.posix.dumps(sys.stdout.fileno())
return 'Good Job.'.encode() in stdout_output

def should_abort(state):
stdout_output = state.posix.dumps(sys.stdout.fileno())
return 'Try again.'.encode() in stdout_output

simulation.explore(find=is_successful, avoid=should_abort)

if simulation.found:
solution_state = simulation.found[0]

solution = solution_state.posix.dumps(sys.stdin.fileno()).decode()
print(solution)
else:
raise Exception('Could not find the solution')

if __name__ == '__main__':
main(sys.argv)

模拟带有多个参数的scanf

# This time, the solution involves simply replacing scanf with our own version,
# since Angr does not support requesting multiple parameters with scanf.

import angr
import claripy
import sys

def main(argv):
path_to_binary = argv[1]
project = angr.Project(path_to_binary)

initial_state = project.factory.entry_state()

class ReplacementScanf(angr.SimProcedure):
# The code uses: 'scanf("%u %u", ...)'
def run(self, format_string, param0, param1):
scanf0 = claripy.BVS('scanf0', 32)
scanf1 = claripy.BVS('scanf1', 32)

# Get the addresses from the params and store the BVS in memory
scanf0_address = param0
self.state.memory.store(scanf0_address, scanf0, endness=project.arch.memory_endness)
scanf1_address = param1
self.state.memory.store(scanf1_address, scanf1, endness=project.arch.memory_endness)

# Now, we want to 'set aside' references to our symbolic values in the
# globals plugin included by default with a state. You will need to
# store multiple bitvectors. You can either use a list, tuple, or multiple
# keys to reference the different bitvectors.
self.state.globals['solutions'] = (scanf0, scanf1)

scanf_symbol = '__isoc99_scanf'
project.hook_symbol(scanf_symbol, ReplacementScanf())

simulation = project.factory.simgr(initial_state)

def is_successful(state):
stdout_output = state.posix.dumps(sys.stdout.fileno())
return 'Good Job.'.encode() in stdout_output

def should_abort(state):
stdout_output = state.posix.dumps(sys.stdout.fileno())
return 'Try again.'.encode() in stdout_output

simulation.explore(find=is_successful, avoid=should_abort)

if simulation.found:
solution_state = simulation.found[0]

# Grab whatever you set aside in the globals dict.
stored_solutions = solution_state.globals['solutions']
solution = ' '.join(map(str, map(solution_state.solver.eval, stored_solutions)))

print(solution)
else:
raise Exception('Could not find the solution')

if __name__ == '__main__':
main(sys.argv)

静态二进制文件

# This challenge is the exact same as the first challenge, except that it was
# compiled as a static binary. Normally, Angr automatically replaces standard
# library functions with SimProcedures that work much more quickly.
#
# To solve the challenge, manually hook any standard library c functions that
# are used. Then, ensure that you begin the execution at the beginning of the
# main function. Do not use entry_state.
#
# Here are a few SimProcedures Angr has already written for you. They implement
# standard library functions. You will not need all of them:
# angr.SIM_PROCEDURES['libc']['malloc']
# angr.SIM_PROCEDURES['libc']['fopen']
# angr.SIM_PROCEDURES['libc']['fclose']
# angr.SIM_PROCEDURES['libc']['fwrite']
# angr.SIM_PROCEDURES['libc']['getchar']
# angr.SIM_PROCEDURES['libc']['strncmp']
# angr.SIM_PROCEDURES['libc']['strcmp']
# angr.SIM_PROCEDURES['libc']['scanf']
# angr.SIM_PROCEDURES['libc']['printf']
# angr.SIM_PROCEDURES['libc']['puts']
# angr.SIM_PROCEDURES['libc']['exit']
#
# As a reminder, you can hook functions with something similar to:
# project.hook(malloc_address, angr.SIM_PROCEDURES['libc']['malloc']())
#
# There are many more, see:
# https://github.com/angr/angr/tree/master/angr/procedures/libc

import angr
import sys

def main(argv):
path_to_binary = argv[1]
project = angr.Project(path_to_binary)

initial_state = project.factory.entry_state()

#Find the addresses were the lib functions are loaded in the binary
#For example you could find: call   0x804ed80 <__isoc99_scanf>
project.hook(0x804ed40, angr.SIM_PROCEDURES['libc']['printf']())
project.hook(0x804ed80, angr.SIM_PROCEDURES['libc']['scanf']())
project.hook(0x804f350, angr.SIM_PROCEDURES['libc']['puts']())
project.hook(0x8048d10, angr.SIM_PROCEDURES['glibc']['__libc_start_main']())

simulation = project.factory.simgr(initial_state)

def is_successful(state):
stdout_output = state.posix.dumps(sys.stdout.fileno())
return 'Good Job.'.encode() in stdout_output  # :boolean

def should_abort(state):
stdout_output = state.posix.dumps(sys.stdout.fileno())
return 'Try again.'.encode() in stdout_output  # :boolean

simulation.explore(find=is_successful, avoid=should_abort)

if simulation.found:
solution_state = simulation.found[0]
print(solution_state.posix.dumps(sys.stdin.fileno()).decode())
else:
raise Exception('Could not find the solution')

if __name__ == '__main__':
main(sys.argv)
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