> For the complete documentation index, see [llms.txt](https://hacktricks.xsx.tw/llms.txt). Markdown versions of documentation pages are available by appending `.md` to page URLs; this page is available as [Markdown](https://hacktricks.xsx.tw/macos-hardening/macos-security-and-privilege-escalation/macos-basic-objective-c.md).

# macOS Objective-C

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## Objective-C

{% hint style="danger" %}
请注意，使用Objective-C编写的程序在编译为[Mach-O二进制文件](/macos-hardening/macos-security-and-privilege-escalation/macos-files-folders-and-binaries/universal-binaries-and-mach-o-format.md)时**保留**其类声明。这些类声明**包括**以下内容的名称和类型：
{% endhint %}

* 类
* 类方法
* 类实例变量

您可以使用[class-dump](https://github.com/nygard/class-dump)获取这些信息：

```bash
class-dump Kindle.app
```

## 类、方法和对象

### 接口、属性和方法

```objectivec
// Declare the interface of the class
@interface MyVehicle : NSObject

// Declare the properties
@property NSString *vehicleType;
@property int numberOfWheels;

// Declare the methods
- (void)startEngine;
- (void)addWheels:(int)value;

@end
```

### **类**

```objectivec
@implementation MyVehicle : NSObject

// No need to indicate the properties, only define methods

- (void)startEngine {
NSLog(@"Engine started");
}

- (void)addWheels:(int)value {
self.numberOfWheels += value;
}

@end
```

### **对象和调用方法**

要创建一个类的实例，需要调用\*\*`alloc`**方法，该方法会为每个**属性分配内存**并将这些分配**清零\*\*。然后调用\*\*`init`**方法，该方法会将属性**初始化为所需的值\*\*。

```objectivec
// Something like this:
MyVehicle *newVehicle = [[MyVehicle alloc] init];

// Which is usually expressed as:
MyVehicle *newVehicle = [MyVehicle new];

// To call a method
// [myClassInstance nameOfTheMethodFirstParam:param1 secondParam:param2]
[newVehicle addWheels:4];
```

### **类方法**

类方法使用**加号**（+）而不是实例方法中使用的连字符（-）来定义。就像**NSString**类方法\*\*`stringWithString`\*\*一样：

```objectivec
+ (id)stringWithString:(NSString *)aString;
```

### 设置器 & 获取器

要设置和获取属性，可以使用**点符号表示法**或者像**调用方法**一样进行操作：

```objectivec
// Set
newVehicle.numberOfWheels = 2;
[newVehicle setNumberOfWheels:3];

// Get
NSLog(@"Number of wheels: %i", newVehicle.numberOfWheels);
NSLog(@"Number of wheels: %i", [newVehicle numberOfWheels]);
```

### **实例变量**

与setter和getter方法相反，您可以使用实例变量。这些变量与属性具有相同的名称，但以“\_”开头：

```objectivec
- (void)makeLongTruck {
_numberOfWheels = +10000;
NSLog(@"Number of wheels: %i", self.numberOfLeaves);
}
```

### 协议

协议是一组方法声明（不包括属性）。实现协议的类会实现声明的方法。

有两种类型的方法：**必需**和**可选**。**默认情况下**，方法是**必需**的（但也可以用\*\*`@required`**标签来指示）。要指示方法是可选的，请使用**`@optional`\*\*。

```objectivec
@protocol myNewProtocol
- (void) method1; //mandatory
@required
- (void) method2; //mandatory
@optional
- (void) method3; //optional
@end
```

### 一切就绪

```objectivec
// gcc -framework Foundation test_obj.m -o test_obj
#import <Foundation/Foundation.h>

@protocol myVehicleProtocol
- (void) startEngine; //mandatory
@required
- (void) addWheels:(int)value; //mandatory
@optional
- (void) makeLongTruck; //optional
@end

@interface MyVehicle : NSObject <myVehicleProtocol>

@property int numberOfWheels;

- (void)startEngine;
- (void)addWheels:(int)value;
- (void)makeLongTruck;

@end

@implementation MyVehicle : NSObject

- (void)startEngine {
NSLog(@"Engine started");
}

- (void)addWheels:(int)value {
self.numberOfWheels += value;
}

- (void)makeLongTruck {
_numberOfWheels = +10000;
NSLog(@"Number of wheels: %i", self.numberOfWheels);
}

@end

int main() {
MyVehicle* mySuperCar = [MyVehicle new];
[mySuperCar startEngine];
mySuperCar.numberOfWheels = 4;
NSLog(@"Number of wheels: %i", mySuperCar.numberOfWheels);
[mySuperCar setNumberOfWheels:3];
NSLog(@"Number of wheels: %i", mySuperCar.numberOfWheels);
[mySuperCar makeLongTruck];
}
```

### 基本类

#### 字符串

{% code overflow="wrap" %}

```objectivec
// NSString
NSString *bookTitle = @"The Catcher in the Rye";
NSString *bookAuthor = [[NSString alloc] initWithCString:"J.D. Salinger" encoding:NSUTF8StringEncoding];
NSString *bookPublicationYear = [NSString stringWithCString:"1951" encoding:NSUTF8StringEncoding];
```

{% endcode %}

基本类是**不可变的**，因此要将字符串附加到现有字符串，需要**创建一个新的 NSString**。

{% code overflow="wrap" %}

```objectivec
NSString *bookDescription = [NSString stringWithFormat:@"%@ by %@ was published in %@", bookTitle, bookAuthor, bookPublicationYear];
```

{% endcode %}

或者您也可以使用一个**可变**字符串类：

{% code overflow="wrap" %}

```objectivec
NSMutableString *mutableString = [NSMutableString stringWithString:@"The book "];
[mutableString appendString:bookTitle];
[mutableString appendString:@" was written by "];
[mutableString appendString:bookAuthor];
[mutableString appendString:@" and published in "];
[mutableString appendString:bookPublicationYear];
```

{% endcode %}

#### 数字

{% code overflow="wrap" %}

```objectivec
// character literals.
NSNumber *theLetterZ = @'Z'; // equivalent to [NSNumber numberWithChar:'Z']

// integral literals.
NSNumber *fortyTwo = @42; // equivalent to [NSNumber numberWithInt:42]
NSNumber *fortyTwoUnsigned = @42U; // equivalent to [NSNumber numberWithUnsignedInt:42U]
NSNumber *fortyTwoLong = @42L; // equivalent to [NSNumber numberWithLong:42L]
NSNumber *fortyTwoLongLong = @42LL; // equivalent to [NSNumber numberWithLongLong:42LL]

// floating point literals.
NSNumber *piFloat = @3.141592654F; // equivalent to [NSNumber numberWithFloat:3.141592654F]
NSNumber *piDouble = @3.1415926535; // equivalent to [NSNumber numberWithDouble:3.1415926535]

// BOOL literals.
NSNumber *yesNumber = @YES; // equivalent to [NSNumber numberWithBool:YES]
NSNumber *noNumber = @NO; // equivalent to [NSNumber numberWithBool:NO]
```

{% endcode %}

<details>

<summary><strong>从零开始学习AWS黑客技术，成为专家</strong> <a href="https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/arte"><strong>htARTE（HackTricks AWS红队专家）</strong></a><strong>！</strong></summary>

支持HackTricks的其他方式：

* 如果您想看到您的**公司在HackTricks中做广告**或**下载PDF格式的HackTricks**，请查看[**订阅计划**](https://github.com/sponsors/carlospolop)!
* 获取[**官方PEASS & HackTricks周边产品**](https://peass.creator-spring.com)
* 探索[**PEASS家族**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family)，我们的独家[**NFTs**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family)
* **加入** 💬 [**Discord群组**](https://discord.gg/hRep4RUj7f) 或 [**电报群组**](https://t.me/peass) 或 **关注**我们的**Twitter** 🐦 [**@carlospolopm**](https://twitter.com/hacktricks_live)**。**
* 通过向[**HackTricks**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks)和[**HackTricks Cloud**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks-cloud) github仓库提交PR来分享您的黑客技巧。

</details>