# Basic Python
从零开始学习 AWS 黑客技术，成为专家 htARTE（HackTricks AWS 红队专家）！
支持 HackTricks 的其他方式：
* 如果您想看到您的**公司在 HackTricks 中做广告**或**下载 PDF 版的 HackTricks**，请查看[**订阅计划**](https://github.com/sponsors/carlospolop)!
* 获取[**官方 PEASS & HackTricks 商品**](https://peass.creator-spring.com)
* 探索[**PEASS 家族**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family)，我们独家[**NFT**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family)收藏品
* **加入** 💬 [**Discord 群组**](https://discord.gg/hRep4RUj7f) 或 [**电报群组**](https://t.me/peass) 或**关注**我们的**Twitter** 🐦 [**@hacktricks\_live**](https://twitter.com/hacktricks_live)**。**
* 通过向 [**HackTricks**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks) 和 [**HackTricks Cloud**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks-cloud) github 仓库提交 PR 来分享您的黑客技巧。
## Python 基础
### 有用信息
list(xrange()) == range() --> 在 Python3 中，range 是 Python2 的 xrange（它不是列表而是生成器）\
元组和列表的区别在于元组中值的位置赋予其含义，而列表只是有序值。元组具有结构，而列表具有顺序。
### 主要操作
要求一个数的幂，使用：3\*\*2（不是 3^2）\
如果执行 2/3，会返回 1，因为您在将两个整数（integers）相除。如果要小数，应该除以浮点数（2.0/3.0）。\
i >= j\
i <= j\
i == j\
i != j\
a and b\
a or b\
not a\
float(a)\
int(a)\
str(d)\
ord("A") = 65\
chr(65) = 'A'\
hex(100) = '0x64'\
hex(100)\[2:] = '64'\
isinstance(1, int) = True\
"a b".split(" ") = \['a', 'b']\
" ".join(\['a', 'b']) = "a b"\
"abcdef".startswith("ab") = True\
"abcdef".contains("abc") = True\
"abc\n".strip() = "abc"\
"apbc".replace("p","") = "abc"\
dir(str) = 所有可用方法的列表\
help(str) = 类 str 的定义\
"a".upper() = "A"\
"A".lower() = "a"\
"abc".capitalize() = "Abc"\
sum(\[1,2,3]) = 6\
sorted(\[1,43,5,3,21,4])
**连接字符**\
3 \* ’a’ = ‘aaa’\
‘a’ + ‘b’ = ‘ab’\
‘a’ + str(3) = ‘a3’\
\[1,2,3]+\[4,5]=\[1,2,3,4,5]
**列表的部分**\
‘abc’\[0] = ‘a’\
'abc’\[-1] = ‘c’\
'abc’\[1:3] = ‘bc’ 从 \[1] 到 \[2]\
"qwertyuiop"\[:-1] = 'qwertyuio'
**注释**\
\# 单行注释\
"""\
多行注释\
另一个\
"""
**循环**
```
if a:
#somethig
elif b:
#something
else:
#something
while(a):
#comething
for i in range(0,100):
#something from 0 to 99
for letter in "hola":
#something with a letter in "hola"
```
### 元组
t1 = (1, '2', 'three')\
t2 = (5, 6)\
t3 = t1 + t2 = (1, '2', 'three', 5, 6)\
(4,) = 单元素元组\
d = () 空元组\
d += (4,) --> 添加到元组\
无法！ --> t1\[1] == 'New value'\
list(t2) = \[5, 6] --> 从元组转换为列表
### 列表（数组）
d = \[] 空\
a = \[1, 2, 3]\
b = \[4, 5]\
a + b = \[1, 2, 3, 4, 5]\
b.append(6) = \[4, 5, 6]\
tuple(a) = (1, 2, 3) --> 从列表转换为元组
### 字典
d = {} 空\
monthNumbers={1:'Jan', 2: 'feb','feb':2}—> monthNumbers ->{1:'Jan', 2: 'feb','feb':2}\
monthNumbers\[1] = 'Jan'\
monthNumbers\['feb'] = 2\
list(monthNumbers) = \[1, 2, 'feb']\
monthNumbers.values() = \['Jan', 'feb', 2]\
keys = \[k for k in monthNumbers]\
a={'9':9}\
monthNumbers.update(a) = {'9':9, 1:'Jan', 2: 'feb','feb':2}\
mN = monthNumbers.copy() #独立复制\
monthNumbers.get('key',0) #检查键是否存在，如果存在则返回monthNumbers\["key"]的值，否则返回0
### 集合
集合中没有重复项\
myset = set(\['a', 'b']) = {'a', 'b'}\
myset.add('c') = {'a', 'b', 'c'}\
myset.add('a') = {'a', 'b', 'c'} #无重复项\
myset.update(\[1, 2, 3]) = set(\['a', 1, 2, 'b', 'c', 3])\
myset.discard(10) #如果存在，则移除，否则不做任何操作\
myset.remove(10) #如果存在则移除，否则引发异常\
myset2 = set(\[1, 2, 3, 4])\
myset.union(myset2) #myset和myset2的值\
myset.intersection(myset2) #myset和myset2中的值\
myset.difference(myset2) #myset中但不在myset2中的值\
myset.symmetric\_difference(myset2) #不在myset和myset2中的值（两者都不在）\
myset.pop() #获取集合的第一个元素并将其移除\
myset.intersection\_update(myset2) #myset = myset和myset2中的元素\
myset.difference\_update(myset2) #myset = myset中但不在myset2中的元素\
myset.symmetric\_difference\_update(myset2) #myset = 两者都不在的元素
### 类
\_\_It\_\_中的方法将用于排序，以比较此类的对象是否大于其他对象
```python
class Person(name):
def __init__(self,name):
self.name= name
self.lastName = name.split(‘ ‘)[-1]
self.birthday = None
def __It__(self, other):
if self.lastName == other.lastName:
return self.name < other.name
return self.lastName < other.lastName #Return True if the lastname is smaller
def setBirthday(self, month, day. year):
self.birthday = date tame.date(year,month,day)
def getAge(self):
return (date time.date.today() - self.birthday).days
class MITPerson(Person):
nextIdNum = 0 # Attribute of the Class
def __init__(self, name):
Person.__init__(self,name)
self.idNum = MITPerson.nextIdNum —> Accedemos al atributo de la clase
MITPerson.nextIdNum += 1 #Attribute of the class +1
def __it__(self, other):
return self.idNum < other.idNum
```
### map, zip, filter, lambda, sorted and one-liners
**Map** 的用法类似于：\[f(x) for x in iterable] --> map(tutple,\[a,b]) = \[(1,2,3),(4,5)]\
m = map(lambda x: x % 3 == 0, \[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]) --> \[False, False, True, False, False, True, False, False, True]
**zip** 在 foo 或 bar 较短时停止：
```
for f, b in zip(foo, bar):
print(f, b)
```
**Lambda** 用于定义一个函数\
(lambda x,y: x+y)(5,3) = 8 --> 使用 lambda 作为简单的 **函数**\
**sorted**(range(-5,6), key=lambda x: x\*\* 2) = \[0, -1, 1, -2, 2, -3, 3, -4, 4, -5, 5] --> 使用 lambda 对列表进行排序\
m = **filter**(lambda x: x % 3 == 0, \[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]) = \[3, 6, 9] --> 使用 lambda 进行过滤\
**reduce** (lambda x,y: x\*y, \[1,2,3,4]) = 24
```
def make_adder(n):
return lambda x: x+n
plus3 = make_adder(3)
plus3(4) = 7 # 3 + 4 = 7
class Car:
crash = lambda self: print('Boom!')
my_car = Car(); my_car.crash() = 'Boom!'
```
```python
mult1 = [x for x in [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9] if x%3 == 0 ]
```
### 异常
```
def divide(x,y):
try:
result = x/y
except ZeroDivisionError, e:
print “division by zero!” + str(e)
except TypeError:
divide(int(x),int(y))
else:
print “result i”, result
finally
print “executing finally clause in any case”
```
### Assert()
如果条件为假，则会在屏幕上打印字符串
```
def avg(grades, weights):
assert not len(grades) == 0, 'no grades data'
assert len(grades) == 'wrong number grades'
```
### 生成器，yield
生成器不是返回某个东西，而是"产出"某个东西。当你访问它时，它会"返回"生成的第一个值，然后，你可以再次访问它，它将返回生成的下一个值。因此，所有的值不是同时生成的，使用这种方法而不是包含所有值的列表可以节省大量内存。
```
def myGen(n):
yield n
yield n + 1
```
```markdown
g = myGen(6) --> 6\
next(g) --> 7\
next(g) --> Error
### 正则表达式
import re\
re.search("\w","hola").group() = "h"\
re.findall("\w","hola") = \['h', 'o', 'l', 'a']\
re.findall("\w+(la)","hola caracola") = \['la', 'la']
**特殊含义:**\
. --> Everything\
\w --> \[a-zA-Z0-9\_]\
\d --> Number\
\s --> WhiteSpace char\[ \n\r\t\f]\
\S --> Non-whitespace char\
^ --> Starts with\
$ --> Ends with\
\+ --> One or more\
\* --> 0 or more\
? --> 0 or 1 occurrences
**选项:**\
re.search(pat,str,re.IGNORECASE)\
IGNORECASE\
DOTALL --> Allow dot to match newline\
MULTILINE --> Allow ^ and $ to match in different lines
re.findall("<.\*>", "\foo\and\so on\") = \['\foo\and\so on\']\
re.findall("<.\*?>", "\foo\and\so on\") = \['\', '\', '\', '\']
IterTools\
**product**\
from **itertools** import product --> Generates combinations between 1 or more lists, perhaps repeating values, cartesian product (distributive property)\
print list(**product**(\[1,2,3],\[3,4])) = \[(1, 3), (1, 4), (2, 3), (2, 4), (3, 3), (3, 4)]\
print list(**product**(\[1,2,3],repeat = 2)) = \[(1, 1), (1, 2), (1, 3), (2, 1), (2, 2), (2, 3), (3, 1), (3, 2), (3, 3)]
**permutations**\
from **itertools** import **permutations** --> Generates combinations of all characters in every position\
print list(permutations(\['1','2','3'])) = \[('1', '2', '3'), ('1', '3', '2'), ('2', '1', '3'),... Every posible combination\
print(list(permutations('123',2))) = \[('1', '2'), ('1', '3'), ('2', '1'), ('2', '3'), ('3', '1'), ('3', '2')] Every possible combination of length 2
**combinations**\
from itertools import **combinations** --> Generates all possible combinations without repeating characters (if "ab" existing, doesn't generate "ba")\
print(list(**combinations**('123',2))) --> \[('1', '2'), ('1', '3'), ('2', '3')]
**combinations\_with\_replacement**\
from itertools import **combinations\_with\_replacement** --> Generates all possible combinations from the char onwards(for example, the 3rd is mixed from the 3rd onwards but not with the 2nd o first)\
print(list(**combinations\_with\_replacement**('1133',2))) = \[('1', '1'), ('1', '1'), ('1', '3'), ('1', '3'), ('1', '1'), ('1', '3'), ('1', '3'), ('3', '3'), ('3', '3'), ('3', '3')]
### 装饰器
Decorator that size the time that a function needs to be executed (from [here](https://towardsdatascience.com/decorating-functions-in-python-619cbbe82c74)):
```
```python
from functools import wraps
import time
def timeme(func):
@wraps(func)
def wrapper(*args, **kwargs):
print("Let's call our decorated function")
start = time.time()
result = func(*args, **kwargs)
print('Execution time: {} seconds'.format(time.time() - start))
return result
return wrapper
@timeme
def decorated_func():
print("Decorated func!")
```
如果你运行它，你会看到类似以下内容：
```
Let's call our decorated function
Decorated func!
Execution time: 4.792213439941406e-05 seconds
```
从零开始学习AWS黑客技术，成为专家 htARTE（HackTricks AWS Red Team Expert）！
其他支持HackTricks的方式：
* 如果您想看到您的**公司在HackTricks中做广告**或**下载PDF格式的HackTricks**，请查看[**订阅计划**](https://github.com/sponsors/carlospolop)!
* 获取[**官方PEASS & HackTricks周边产品**](https://peass.creator-spring.com)
* 探索[**PEASS家族**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family)，我们独家[**NFTs**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family)收藏品
* **加入** 💬 [**Discord群**](https://discord.gg/hRep4RUj7f) 或 [**电报群**](https://t.me/peass) 或 **关注**我们的**Twitter** 🐦 [**@hacktricks\_live**](https://twitter.com/hacktricks_live)**。**
* 通过向[**HackTricks**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks)和[**HackTricks Cloud**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks-cloud) github仓库提交PR来分享您的黑客技巧。
---
# Agent Instructions: Querying This Documentation
If you need additional information that is not directly available in this page, you can query the documentation dynamically by asking a question.
Perform an HTTP GET request on the current page URL with the `ask` query parameter:
```
GET https://hacktricks.xsx.tw/generic-methodologies-and-resources/python/basic-python.md?ask=
```
The question should be specific, self-contained, and written in natural language.
The response will contain a direct answer to the question and relevant excerpts and sources from the documentation.
Use this mechanism when the answer is not explicitly present in the current page, you need clarification or additional context, or you want to retrieve related documentation sections.