hacktricks
  • 👾Welcome!
    • HackTricks
  • 🤩Generic Methodologies & Resources
    • Pentesting Methodology
    • External Recon Methodology
      • Wide Source Code Search
      • Github Dorks & Leaks
    • Pentesting Network
      • DHCPv6
      • EIGRP Attacks
      • GLBP & HSRP Attacks
      • IDS and IPS Evasion
      • Lateral VLAN Segmentation Bypass
      • Network Protocols Explained (ESP)
      • Nmap Summary (ESP)
      • Pentesting IPv6
      • Spoofing LLMNR, NBT-NS, mDNS/DNS and WPAD and Relay Attacks
      • Spoofing SSDP and UPnP Devices with EvilSSDP
    • Pentesting Wifi
      • Evil Twin EAP-TLS
    • Phishing Methodology
      • Clone a Website
      • Detecting Phishing
      • Phishing Files & Documents
    • Basic Forensic Methodology
      • Baseline Monitoring
      • Anti-Forensic Techniques
      • Docker Forensics
      • Image Acquisition & Mount
      • Linux Forensics
      • Malware Analysis
      • Memory dump analysis
        • Volatility - CheatSheet
      • Partitions/File Systems/Carving
        • File/Data Carving & Recovery Tools
      • Pcap Inspection
        • DNSCat pcap analysis
        • Suricata & Iptables cheatsheet
        • USB Keystrokes
        • Wifi Pcap Analysis
        • Wireshark tricks
      • Specific Software/File-Type Tricks
        • Decompile compiled python binaries (exe, elf) - Retreive from .pyc
        • Browser Artifacts
        • Deofuscation vbs (cscript.exe)
        • Local Cloud Storage
        • Office file analysis
        • PDF File analysis
        • PNG tricks
        • Video and Audio file analysis
        • ZIPs tricks
      • Windows Artifacts
        • Interesting Windows Registry Keys
    • Brute Force - CheatSheet
    • Python Sandbox Escape & Pyscript
      • Bypass Python sandboxes
        • LOAD_NAME / LOAD_CONST opcode OOB Read
      • Class Pollution (Python's Prototype Pollution)
      • Python Internal Read Gadgets
      • Pyscript
      • venv
      • Web Requests
      • Bruteforce hash (few chars)
      • Basic Python
    • Exfiltration
    • Tunneling and Port Forwarding
    • Threat Modeling
    • Search Exploits
    • Shells (Linux, Windows, MSFVenom)
      • MSFVenom - CheatSheet
      • Shells - Windows
      • Shells - Linux
      • Full TTYs
  • 🐧Linux Hardening
    • Checklist - Linux Privilege Escalation
    • Linux Privilege Escalation
      • Arbitrary File Write to Root
      • Cisco - vmanage
      • Containerd (ctr) Privilege Escalation
      • D-Bus Enumeration & Command Injection Privilege Escalation
      • Docker Security
        • Abusing Docker Socket for Privilege Escalation
        • AppArmor
        • AuthZ& AuthN - Docker Access Authorization Plugin
        • CGroups
        • Docker --privileged
        • Docker Breakout / Privilege Escalation
          • release_agent exploit - Relative Paths to PIDs
          • Docker release_agent cgroups escape
          • Sensitive Mounts
        • Namespaces
          • CGroup Namespace
          • IPC Namespace
          • PID Namespace
          • Mount Namespace
          • Network Namespace
          • Time Namespace
          • User Namespace
          • UTS Namespace
        • Seccomp
        • Weaponizing Distroless
      • Escaping from Jails
      • euid, ruid, suid
      • Interesting Groups - Linux Privesc
        • lxd/lxc Group - Privilege escalation
      • Logstash
      • ld.so privesc exploit example
      • Linux Active Directory
      • Linux Capabilities
      • NFS no_root_squash/no_all_squash misconfiguration PE
      • Node inspector/CEF debug abuse
      • Payloads to execute
      • RunC Privilege Escalation
      • SELinux
      • Socket Command Injection
      • Splunk LPE and Persistence
      • SSH Forward Agent exploitation
      • Wildcards Spare tricks
    • Useful Linux Commands
    • Bypass Linux Restrictions
      • Bypass FS protections: read-only / no-exec / Distroless
        • DDexec / EverythingExec
    • Linux Environment Variables
    • Linux Post-Exploitation
      • PAM - Pluggable Authentication Modules
    • FreeIPA Pentesting
  • 🍏MacOS Hardening
    • macOS Security & Privilege Escalation
      • macOS Apps - Inspecting, debugging and Fuzzing
        • Introduction to x64
        • Introduction to ARM64v8
      • macOS AppleFS
      • macOS Bypassing Firewalls
      • macOS Defensive Apps
      • macOS GCD - Grand Central Dispatch
      • macOS Kernel & System Extensions
        • macOS IOKit
        • macOS Kernel Extensions
        • macOS Kernel Vulnerabilities
        • macOS System Extensions
      • macOS Network Services & Protocols
      • macOS File Extension & URL scheme app handlers
      • macOS Files, Folders, Binaries & Memory
        • macOS Bundles
        • macOS Installers Abuse
        • macOS Memory Dumping
        • macOS Sensitive Locations & Interesting Daemons
        • macOS Universal binaries & Mach-O Format
      • macOS Objective-C
      • macOS Privilege Escalation
      • macOS Process Abuse
        • macOS Dirty NIB
        • macOS Chromium Injection
        • macOS Electron Applications Injection
        • macOS Function Hooking
        • macOS IPC - Inter Process Communication
          • macOS MIG - Mach Interface Generator
          • macOS XPC
            • macOS XPC Authorization
            • macOS XPC Connecting Process Check
              • macOS PID Reuse
              • macOS xpc_connection_get_audit_token Attack
          • macOS Thread Injection via Task port
        • macOS Java Applications Injection
        • macOS Library Injection
          • macOS Dyld Hijacking & DYLD_INSERT_LIBRARIES
          • macOS Dyld Process
        • macOS Perl Applications Injection
        • macOS Python Applications Injection
        • macOS Ruby Applications Injection
        • macOS .Net Applications Injection
      • macOS Security Protections
        • macOS Gatekeeper / Quarantine / XProtect
        • macOS Launch/Environment Constraints & Trust Cache
        • macOS Sandbox
          • macOS Default Sandbox Debug
          • macOS Sandbox Debug & Bypass
            • macOS Office Sandbox Bypasses
        • macOS SIP
        • macOS TCC
          • macOS Apple Events
          • macOS TCC Bypasses
            • macOS Apple Scripts
          • macOS TCC Payloads
        • macOS Dangerous Entitlements & TCC perms
        • macOS FS Tricks
          • macOS xattr-acls extra stuff
      • macOS Users
    • macOS Red Teaming
      • macOS MDM
        • Enrolling Devices in Other Organisations
        • macOS Serial Number
      • macOS Keychain
    • macOS Useful Commands
    • macOS Auto Start
  • 🪟Windows Hardening
    • Checklist - Local Windows Privilege Escalation
    • Windows Local Privilege Escalation
      • Abusing Tokens
      • Access Tokens
      • ACLs - DACLs/SACLs/ACEs
      • AppendData/AddSubdirectory permission over service registry
      • Create MSI with WIX
      • COM Hijacking
      • Dll Hijacking
        • Writable Sys Path +Dll Hijacking Privesc
      • DPAPI - Extracting Passwords
      • From High Integrity to SYSTEM with Name Pipes
      • Integrity Levels
      • JuicyPotato
      • Leaked Handle Exploitation
      • MSI Wrapper
      • Named Pipe Client Impersonation
      • Privilege Escalation with Autoruns
      • RoguePotato, PrintSpoofer, SharpEfsPotato, GodPotato
      • SeDebug + SeImpersonate copy token
      • SeImpersonate from High To System
      • Windows C Payloads
    • Active Directory Methodology
      • Abusing Active Directory ACLs/ACEs
        • Shadow Credentials
      • AD Certificates
        • AD CS Account Persistence
        • AD CS Domain Escalation
        • AD CS Domain Persistence
        • AD CS Certificate Theft
      • AD information in printers
      • AD DNS Records
      • ASREPRoast
      • BloodHound & Other AD Enum Tools
      • Constrained Delegation
      • Custom SSP
      • DCShadow
      • DCSync
      • Diamond Ticket
      • DSRM Credentials
      • External Forest Domain - OneWay (Inbound) or bidirectional
      • External Forest Domain - One-Way (Outbound)
      • Golden Ticket
      • Kerberoast
      • Kerberos Authentication
      • Kerberos Double Hop Problem
      • LAPS
      • MSSQL AD Abuse
      • Over Pass the Hash/Pass the Key
      • Pass the Ticket
      • Password Spraying / Brute Force
      • PrintNightmare
      • Force NTLM Privileged Authentication
      • Privileged Groups
      • RDP Sessions Abuse
      • Resource-based Constrained Delegation
      • Security Descriptors
      • SID-History Injection
      • Silver Ticket
      • Skeleton Key
      • Unconstrained Delegation
    • Windows Security Controls
      • UAC - User Account Control
    • NTLM
      • Places to steal NTLM creds
    • Lateral Movement
      • AtExec / SchtasksExec
      • DCOM Exec
      • PsExec/Winexec/ScExec
      • SmbExec/ScExec
      • WinRM
      • WmicExec
    • Pivoting to the Cloud
    • Stealing Windows Credentials
      • Windows Credentials Protections
      • Mimikatz
      • WTS Impersonator
    • Basic Win CMD for Pentesters
    • Basic PowerShell for Pentesters
      • PowerView/SharpView
    • Antivirus (AV) Bypass
  • 📱Mobile Pentesting
    • Android APK Checklist
    • Android Applications Pentesting
      • Android Applications Basics
      • Android Task Hijacking
      • ADB Commands
      • APK decompilers
      • AVD - Android Virtual Device
      • Bypass Biometric Authentication (Android)
      • content:// protocol
      • Drozer Tutorial
        • Exploiting Content Providers
      • Exploiting a debuggeable application
      • Frida Tutorial
        • Frida Tutorial 1
        • Frida Tutorial 2
        • Frida Tutorial 3
        • Objection Tutorial
      • Google CTF 2018 - Shall We Play a Game?
      • Install Burp Certificate
      • Intent Injection
      • Make APK Accept CA Certificate
      • Manual DeObfuscation
      • React Native Application
      • Reversing Native Libraries
      • Smali - Decompiling/[Modifying]/Compiling
      • Spoofing your location in Play Store
      • Tapjacking
      • Webview Attacks
    • iOS Pentesting Checklist
    • iOS Pentesting
      • iOS App Extensions
      • iOS Basics
      • iOS Basic Testing Operations
      • iOS Burp Suite Configuration
      • iOS Custom URI Handlers / Deeplinks / Custom Schemes
      • iOS Extracting Entitlements From Compiled Application
      • iOS Frida Configuration
      • iOS Hooking With Objection
      • iOS Protocol Handlers
      • iOS Serialisation and Encoding
      • iOS Testing Environment
      • iOS UIActivity Sharing
      • iOS Universal Links
      • iOS UIPasteboard
      • iOS WebViews
    • Cordova Apps
    • Xamarin Apps
  • 👽Network Services Pentesting
    • Pentesting JDWP - Java Debug Wire Protocol
    • Pentesting Printers
    • Pentesting SAP
    • Pentesting VoIP
      • Basic VoIP Protocols
        • SIP (Session Initiation Protocol)
    • Pentesting Remote GdbServer
    • 7/tcp/udp - Pentesting Echo
    • 21 - Pentesting FTP
      • FTP Bounce attack - Scan
      • FTP Bounce - Download 2ºFTP file
    • 22 - Pentesting SSH/SFTP
    • 23 - Pentesting Telnet
    • 25,465,587 - Pentesting SMTP/s
      • SMTP Smuggling
      • SMTP - Commands
    • 43 - Pentesting WHOIS
    • 49 - Pentesting TACACS+
    • 53 - Pentesting DNS
    • 69/UDP TFTP/Bittorrent-tracker
    • 79 - Pentesting Finger
    • 80,443 - Pentesting Web Methodology
      • 403 & 401 Bypasses
      • AEM - Adobe Experience Cloud
      • Angular
      • Apache
      • Artifactory Hacking guide
      • Bolt CMS
      • Buckets
        • Firebase Database
      • CGI
      • DotNetNuke (DNN)
      • Drupal
      • Electron Desktop Apps
        • Electron contextIsolation RCE via preload code
        • Electron contextIsolation RCE via Electron internal code
        • Electron contextIsolation RCE via IPC
      • Flask
      • NodeJS Express
      • Git
      • Golang
      • GWT - Google Web Toolkit
      • Grafana
      • GraphQL
      • H2 - Java SQL database
      • IIS - Internet Information Services
      • ImageMagick Security
      • JBOSS
      • JIRA
      • Joomla
      • JSP
      • Laravel
      • Moodle
      • Nginx
      • PHP Tricks
        • PHP - Useful Functions & disable_functions/open_basedir bypass
          • disable_functions bypass - php-fpm/FastCGI
          • disable_functions bypass - dl function
          • disable_functions bypass - PHP 7.0-7.4 (*nix only)
          • disable_functions bypass - Imagick <= 3.3.0 PHP >= 5.4 Exploit
          • disable_functions - PHP 5.x Shellshock Exploit
          • disable_functions - PHP 5.2.4 ionCube extension Exploit
          • disable_functions bypass - PHP <= 5.2.9 on windows
          • disable_functions bypass - PHP 5.2.4 and 5.2.5 PHP cURL
          • disable_functions bypass - PHP safe_mode bypass via proc_open() and custom environment Exploit
          • disable_functions bypass - PHP Perl Extension Safe_mode Bypass Exploit
          • disable_functions bypass - PHP 5.2.3 - Win32std ext Protections Bypass
          • disable_functions bypass - PHP 5.2 - FOpen Exploit
          • disable_functions bypass - via mem
          • disable_functions bypass - mod_cgi
          • disable_functions bypass - PHP 4 >= 4.2.0, PHP 5 pcntl_exec
        • PHP - RCE abusing object creation: new $_GET["a"]($_GET["b"])
        • PHP SSRF
      • Python
      • Rocket Chat
      • Special HTTP headers
      • Source code Review / SAST Tools
      • Spring Actuators
      • Symfony
      • Tomcat
        • Basic Tomcat Info
      • Uncovering CloudFlare
      • VMWare (ESX, VCenter...)
      • WAF Bypass
      • Web API Pentesting
      • WebDav
      • Werkzeug / Flask Debug
      • Wordpress
    • 88tcp/udp - Pentesting Kerberos
      • Harvesting tickets from Windows
      • Harvesting tickets from Linux
    • 110,995 - Pentesting POP
    • 111/TCP/UDP - Pentesting Portmapper
    • 113 - Pentesting Ident
    • 123/udp - Pentesting NTP
    • 135, 593 - Pentesting MSRPC
    • 137,138,139 - Pentesting NetBios
    • 139,445 - Pentesting SMB
      • rpcclient enumeration
    • 143,993 - Pentesting IMAP
    • 161,162,10161,10162/udp - Pentesting SNMP
      • Cisco SNMP
      • SNMP RCE
    • 194,6667,6660-7000 - Pentesting IRC
    • 264 - Pentesting Check Point FireWall-1
    • 389, 636, 3268, 3269 - Pentesting LDAP
    • 500/udp - Pentesting IPsec/IKE VPN
    • 502 - Pentesting Modbus
    • 512 - Pentesting Rexec
    • 513 - Pentesting Rlogin
    • 514 - Pentesting Rsh
    • 515 - Pentesting Line Printer Daemon (LPD)
    • 548 - Pentesting Apple Filing Protocol (AFP)
    • 554,8554 - Pentesting RTSP
    • 623/UDP/TCP - IPMI
    • 631 - Internet Printing Protocol(IPP)
    • 700 - Pentesting EPP
    • 873 - Pentesting Rsync
    • 1026 - Pentesting Rusersd
    • 1080 - Pentesting Socks
    • 1098/1099/1050 - Pentesting Java RMI - RMI-IIOP
    • 1414 - Pentesting IBM MQ
    • 1433 - Pentesting MSSQL - Microsoft SQL Server
      • Types of MSSQL Users
    • 1521,1522-1529 - Pentesting Oracle TNS Listener
    • 1723 - Pentesting PPTP
    • 1883 - Pentesting MQTT (Mosquitto)
    • 2049 - Pentesting NFS Service
    • 2301,2381 - Pentesting Compaq/HP Insight Manager
    • 2375, 2376 Pentesting Docker
    • 3128 - Pentesting Squid
    • 3260 - Pentesting ISCSI
    • 3299 - Pentesting SAPRouter
    • 3306 - Pentesting Mysql
    • 3389 - Pentesting RDP
    • 3632 - Pentesting distcc
    • 3690 - Pentesting Subversion (svn server)
    • 3702/UDP - Pentesting WS-Discovery
    • 4369 - Pentesting Erlang Port Mapper Daemon (epmd)
    • 4786 - Cisco Smart Install
    • 4840 - OPC Unified Architecture
    • 5000 - Pentesting Docker Registry
    • 5353/UDP Multicast DNS (mDNS) and DNS-SD
    • 5432,5433 - Pentesting Postgresql
    • 5439 - Pentesting Redshift
    • 5555 - Android Debug Bridge
    • 5601 - Pentesting Kibana
    • 5671,5672 - Pentesting AMQP
    • 5800,5801,5900,5901 - Pentesting VNC
    • 5984,6984 - Pentesting CouchDB
    • 5985,5986 - Pentesting WinRM
    • 5985,5986 - Pentesting OMI
    • 6000 - Pentesting X11
    • 6379 - Pentesting Redis
    • 8009 - Pentesting Apache JServ Protocol (AJP)
    • 8086 - Pentesting InfluxDB
    • 8089 - Pentesting Splunkd
    • 8333,18333,38333,18444 - Pentesting Bitcoin
    • 9000 - Pentesting FastCGI
    • 9001 - Pentesting HSQLDB
    • 9042/9160 - Pentesting Cassandra
    • 9100 - Pentesting Raw Printing (JetDirect, AppSocket, PDL-datastream)
    • 9200 - Pentesting Elasticsearch
    • 10000 - Pentesting Network Data Management Protocol (ndmp)
    • 11211 - Pentesting Memcache
      • Memcache Commands
    • 15672 - Pentesting RabbitMQ Management
    • 24007,24008,24009,49152 - Pentesting GlusterFS
    • 27017,27018 - Pentesting MongoDB
    • 44134 - Pentesting Tiller (Helm)
    • 44818/UDP/TCP - Pentesting EthernetIP
    • 47808/udp - Pentesting BACNet
    • 50030,50060,50070,50075,50090 - Pentesting Hadoop
  • 🕸️Pentesting Web
    • Web Vulnerabilities Methodology
    • Reflecting Techniques - PoCs and Polygloths CheatSheet
      • Web Vulns List
    • 2FA/OTP Bypass
    • Account Takeover
    • Browser Extension Pentesting Methodology
      • BrowExt - ClickJacking
      • BrowExt - permissions & host_permissions
      • BrowExt - XSS Example
    • Bypass Payment Process
    • Captcha Bypass
    • Cache Poisoning and Cache Deception
      • Cache Poisoning to DoS
    • Clickjacking
    • Client Side Template Injection (CSTI)
    • Client Side Path Traversal
    • Command Injection
    • Content Security Policy (CSP) Bypass
      • CSP bypass: self + 'unsafe-inline' with Iframes
    • Cookies Hacking
      • Cookie Tossing
      • Cookie Jar Overflow
      • Cookie Bomb
    • CORS - Misconfigurations & Bypass
    • CRLF (%0D%0A) Injection
    • CSRF (Cross Site Request Forgery)
    • Dangling Markup - HTML scriptless injection
      • SS-Leaks
    • Dependency Confusion
    • Deserialization
      • NodeJS - __proto__ & prototype Pollution
        • Client Side Prototype Pollution
        • Express Prototype Pollution Gadgets
        • Prototype Pollution to RCE
      • Java JSF ViewState (.faces) Deserialization
      • Java DNS Deserialization, GadgetProbe and Java Deserialization Scanner
      • Basic Java Deserialization (ObjectInputStream, readObject)
      • PHP - Deserialization + Autoload Classes
      • CommonsCollection1 Payload - Java Transformers to Rutime exec() and Thread Sleep
      • Basic .Net deserialization (ObjectDataProvider gadget, ExpandedWrapper, and Json.Net)
      • Exploiting __VIEWSTATE knowing the secrets
      • Exploiting __VIEWSTATE without knowing the secrets
      • Python Yaml Deserialization
      • JNDI - Java Naming and Directory Interface & Log4Shell
    • Domain/Subdomain takeover
    • Email Injections
    • File Inclusion/Path traversal
      • phar:// deserialization
      • LFI2RCE via PHP Filters
      • LFI2RCE via Nginx temp files
      • LFI2RCE via PHP_SESSION_UPLOAD_PROGRESS
      • LFI2RCE via Segmentation Fault
      • LFI2RCE via phpinfo()
      • LFI2RCE Via temp file uploads
      • LFI2RCE via Eternal waiting
      • LFI2RCE Via compress.zlib + PHP_STREAM_PREFER_STUDIO + Path Disclosure
    • File Upload
      • PDF Upload - XXE and CORS bypass
    • Formula/CSV/Doc/LaTeX/GhostScript Injection
    • gRPC-Web Pentest
    • HTTP Connection Contamination
    • HTTP Connection Request Smuggling
    • HTTP Request Smuggling / HTTP Desync Attack
      • Browser HTTP Request Smuggling
      • Request Smuggling in HTTP/2 Downgrades
    • HTTP Response Smuggling / Desync
    • Upgrade Header Smuggling
    • hop-by-hop headers
    • IDOR
    • Integer Overflow
    • JWT Vulnerabilities (Json Web Tokens)
    • LDAP Injection
    • Login Bypass
      • Login bypass List
    • NoSQL injection
    • OAuth to Account takeover
    • Open Redirect
    • Parameter Pollution
    • Phone Number Injections
    • PostMessage Vulnerabilities
      • Blocking main page to steal postmessage
      • Bypassing SOP with Iframes - 1
      • Bypassing SOP with Iframes - 2
      • Steal postmessage modifying iframe location
    • Proxy / WAF Protections Bypass
    • Race Condition
    • Rate Limit Bypass
    • Registration & Takeover Vulnerabilities
    • Regular expression Denial of Service - ReDoS
    • Reset/Forgotten Password Bypass
    • SAML Attacks
      • SAML Basics
    • Server Side Inclusion/Edge Side Inclusion Injection
    • SQL Injection
      • MS Access SQL Injection
      • MSSQL Injection
      • MySQL injection
        • MySQL File priv to SSRF/RCE
      • Oracle injection
      • Cypher Injection (neo4j)
      • PostgreSQL injection
        • dblink/lo_import data exfiltration
        • PL/pgSQL Password Bruteforce
        • Network - Privesc, Port Scanner and NTLM chanllenge response disclosure
        • Big Binary Files Upload (PostgreSQL)
        • RCE with PostgreSQL Languages
        • RCE with PostgreSQL Extensions
      • SQLMap - Cheetsheat
        • Second Order Injection - SQLMap
    • SSRF (Server Side Request Forgery)
      • URL Format Bypass
      • SSRF Vulnerable Platforms
      • Cloud SSRF
    • SSTI (Server Side Template Injection)
      • EL - Expression Language
      • Jinja2 SSTI
    • Reverse Tab Nabbing
    • Unicode Injection
      • Unicode Normalization
    • WebSocket Attacks
    • Web Tool - WFuzz
    • XPATH injection
    • XSLT Server Side Injection (Extensible Stylesheet Language Transformations)
    • XXE - XEE - XML External Entity
    • XSS (Cross Site Scripting)
      • Abusing Service Workers
      • Chrome Cache to XSS
      • Debugging Client Side JS
      • Dom Clobbering
      • DOM Invader
      • DOM XSS
      • Iframes in XSS, CSP and SOP
      • JS Hoisting
      • Misc JS Tricks & Relevant Info
      • PDF Injection
      • Server Side XSS (Dynamic PDF)
      • Shadow DOM
      • SOME - Same Origin Method Execution
      • Sniff Leak
      • Steal Info JS
      • XSS in Markdown
    • XSSI (Cross-Site Script Inclusion)
    • XS-Search/XS-Leaks
      • Connection Pool Examples
      • Connection Pool by Destination Example
      • Cookie Bomb + Onerror XS Leak
      • URL Max Length - Client Side
      • performance.now example
      • performance.now + Force heavy task
      • Event Loop Blocking + Lazy images
      • JavaScript Execution XS Leak
      • CSS Injection
        • CSS Injection Code
  • ⛈️Cloud Security
    • Pentesting Kubernetes
    • Pentesting Cloud (AWS, GCP, Az...)
    • Pentesting CI/CD (Github, Jenkins, Terraform...)
  • 😎Hardware/Physical Access
    • Physical Attacks
    • Escaping from KIOSKs
    • Firmware Analysis
      • Bootloader testing
      • Firmware Integrity
  • 🎯Binary Exploitation
    • Basic Binary Exploitation Methodology
      • ELF Basic Information
      • Exploiting Tools
        • PwnTools
    • Stack Overflow
      • Pointer Redirecting
      • Ret2win
        • Ret2win - arm64
      • Stack Shellcode
        • Stack Shellcode - arm64
      • Stack Pivoting - EBP2Ret - EBP chaining
      • Uninitialized Variables
    • ROP - Return Oriented Programing
      • BROP - Blind Return Oriented Programming
      • Ret2csu
      • Ret2dlresolve
      • Ret2esp / Ret2reg
      • Ret2lib
        • Leaking libc address with ROP
          • Leaking libc - template
        • One Gadget
        • Ret2lib + Printf leak - arm64
      • Ret2syscall
        • Ret2syscall - ARM64
      • Ret2vDSO
      • SROP - Sigreturn-Oriented Programming
        • SROP - ARM64
    • Array Indexing
    • Integer Overflow
    • Format Strings
      • Format Strings - Arbitrary Read Example
      • Format Strings Template
    • Heap
      • Use After Free
      • Heap Overflow
    • Common Binary Exploitation Protections & Bypasses
      • ASLR
        • Ret2plt
        • Ret2ret & Reo2pop
      • CET & Shadow Stack
      • Libc Protections
      • Memory Tagging Extension (MTE)
      • No-exec / NX
      • PIE
        • BF Addresses in the Stack
      • Relro
      • Stack Canaries
        • BF Forked & Threaded Stack Canaries
        • Print Stack Canary
    • Write What Where 2 Exec
      • WWW2Exec - atexit()
      • WWW2Exec - .dtors & .fini_array
      • WWW2Exec - GOT/PLT
      • WWW2Exec - __malloc_hook
    • Common Exploiting Problems
    • Windows Exploiting (Basic Guide - OSCP lvl)
    • Linux Exploiting (Basic) (SPA)
  • 🔩Reversing
    • Reversing Tools & Basic Methods
      • Angr
        • Angr - Examples
      • Z3 - Satisfiability Modulo Theories (SMT)
      • Cheat Engine
      • Blobrunner
    • Common API used in Malware
    • Word Macros
  • 🔮Crypto & Stego
    • Cryptographic/Compression Algorithms
      • Unpacking binaries
    • Certificates
    • Cipher Block Chaining CBC-MAC
    • Crypto CTFs Tricks
    • Electronic Code Book (ECB)
    • Hash Length Extension Attack
    • Padding Oracle
    • RC4 - Encrypt&Decrypt
    • Stego Tricks
    • Esoteric languages
    • Blockchain & Crypto Currencies
  • 🦂C2
    • Salseo
    • ICMPsh
    • Cobalt Strike
  • ✍️TODO
    • Other Big References
    • Rust Basics
    • More Tools
    • MISC
    • Pentesting DNS
    • Hardware Hacking
      • I2C
      • UART
      • Radio
      • JTAG
      • SPI
    • Radio Hacking
      • Pentesting RFID
      • Infrared
      • Sub-GHz RF
      • iButton
      • Flipper Zero
        • FZ - NFC
        • FZ - Sub-GHz
        • FZ - Infrared
        • FZ - iButton
        • FZ - 125kHz RFID
      • Proxmark 3
      • FISSURE - The RF Framework
      • Low-Power Wide Area Network
      • Pentesting BLE - Bluetooth Low Energy
    • Industrial Control Systems Hacking
    • Burp Suite
    • Other Web Tricks
    • Interesting HTTP
    • Emails Vulnerabilities
    • Android Forensics
    • TR-069
    • 6881/udp - Pentesting BitTorrent
    • Online Platforms with API
    • Stealing Sensitive Information Disclosure from a Web
    • Post Exploitation
    • Cookies Policy
由 GitBook 提供支持
在本页
  • 基本信息
  • Web API指南
  • 方法概述
  • 服务器版本(存在漏洞吗?)
  • 识别
  • 检查是否有任何WAF
  • Web技巧
  • 源代码审查
  • 自动扫描器
  • 逐步Web应用程序发现
  • 初始检查
  • SSL/TLS漏洞
  • 爬虫
  • 暴力破解目录和文件
  • 每个找到的文件要检查的内容
  • 特殊发现
  • Web漏洞检查
  • 监控页面更改
  • HackTricks自动命令
  1. Network Services Pentesting

80,443 - Pentesting Web Methodology

上一页79 - Pentesting Finger下一页403 & 401 Bypasses

最后更新于1年前

从零开始学习AWS黑客技术,成为专家 !

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基本信息

Web服务是最常见和广泛的服务,存在许多不同类型的漏洞。

默认端口: 80(HTTP),443(HTTPS)

PORT    STATE SERVICE
80/tcp  open  http
443/tcp open  ssl/https
nc -v domain.com 80 # GET / HTTP/1.0
openssl s_client -connect domain.com:443 # GET / HTTP/1.0

Web API指南

方法概述

在这个方法论中,我们假设您将攻击一个域名(或子域名),仅限于此。因此,您应该将此方法应用于发现的每个域、子域或IP,其中包含未确定的Web服务器。

服务器版本(存在漏洞吗?)

识别

whatweb -a 1 <URL> #Stealthy
whatweb -a 3 <URL> #Aggresive
webtech -u <URL>
webanalyze -host https://google.com -crawl 2

检查是否有任何WAF

Web技巧

一些用于查找不同知名技术中的漏洞的技巧:

请注意,同一域名可能在不同端口、文件夹和子域中使用不同的技术。 如果Web应用程序使用任何之前列出的知名技术/平台或其他任何技术,请不要忘记在互联网上搜索新的技巧(并告诉我!)。

源代码审查

如果应用程序的源代码在github上可用,除了自行对应用程序进行白盒测试外,还有一些信息对当前的黑盒测试可能有用:

  • 是否有通过Web访问的变更日志、自述文件或版本信息文件?

  • 凭证是如何保存的?是否有(可访问的)带有凭证(用户名或密码)的文件?

  • 密码是明文、加密还是使用了哪种哈希算法?

  • 是否使用了任何用于加密的主密钥?使用了哪种算法?

  • 您能否利用某些漏洞访问这些文件?

  • 在github的(已解决和未解决的)问题中是否有任何有趣的信息?或在提交历史中(也许在旧提交中引入了某些密码)?

自动扫描器

通用用途的自动扫描器

nikto -h <URL>
whatweb -a 4 <URL>
wapiti -u <URL>
W3af
zaproxy #You can use an API
nuclei -ut && nuclei -target <URL>

# https://github.com/ignis-sec/puff (client side vulns fuzzer)
node puff.js -w ./wordlist-examples/xss.txt -u "http://www.xssgame.com/f/m4KKGHi2rVUN/?query=FUZZ"

CMS扫描器

如果使用了CMS,不要忘记运行扫描器,也许会发现一些有趣的东西:

cmsmap [-f W] -F -d <URL>
wpscan --force update -e --url <URL>
joomscan --ec -u <URL>
joomlavs.rb #https://github.com/rastating/joomlavs

到这一步,您应该已经获得了客户使用的Web服务器的一些信息(如果提供了任何数据),以及在测试过程中要牢记的一些技巧。如果幸运的话,您甚至可能已经找到了一个CMS并运行了一些扫描器。

逐步Web应用程序发现

从这一点开始,我们将开始与Web应用程序进行交互。

初始检查

具有有趣信息的默认页面:

  • /robots.txt

  • /sitemap.xml

  • /crossdomain.xml

  • /clientaccesspolicy.xml

  • /.well-known/

  • 还要检查主页面和次要页面中的注释。

强制错误

当向Web服务器发送奇怪的数据时,Web服务器可能会表现出意外行为。这可能会打开漏洞或泄露敏感信息。

  • 访问像/whatever_fake.php (.aspx,.html,等)这样的虚假页面

  • 在cookie值和参数值中添加"[]", "]]"和"[["以创建错误

  • 通过在URL的末尾输入**/~randomthing/%s**来生成错误

  • 尝试使用不同的HTTP谓词,如PATCH,DEBUG或错误的FAKE

如果发现WebDav已启用但您没有足够的权限在根文件夹中上传文件,请尝试:

  • 暴力破解凭据

  • 通过WebDav上传文件到Web页面内找到的其他文件夹。您可能有权限在其他文件夹中上传文件。

SSL/TLS漏洞

  • 如果应用程序在任何部分没有强制使用HTTPS,那么它容易受到中间人攻击

  • 如果应用程序使用HTTP发送敏感数据(密码)。那么这是一个高漏洞。

./testssl.sh [--htmlfile] 10.10.10.10:443
#Use the --htmlfile to save the output inside an htmlfile also

# You can also use other tools, by testssl.sh at this momment is the best one (I think)
sslscan <host:port>
sslyze --regular <ip:port>

SSL/TLS漏洞信息:

爬虫

在网络中启动某种爬虫。爬虫的目标是从被测试应用程序中找到尽可能多的路径。因此,应使用网络爬行和外部来源来找到尽可能多的有效路径。

暴力破解目录和文件

从根目录开始暴力破解,确保暴力破解所有使用此方法找到的目录以及爬虫发现的所有目录(您可以递归进行此暴力破解,并在使用的字典的开头添加找到的目录的名称)。 工具:

  • Dirb / Dirbuster - 包含在Kali中,旧(而且慢)但功能齐全。允许自动签名证书和递归搜索。与其他选项相比太慢。

推荐字典:

  • raft-large-directories-lowercase.txt

  • directory-list-2.3-medium.txt

  • RobotsDisallowed/top10000.txt

  • /usr/share/wordlists/dirb/common.txt

  • /usr/share/wordlists/dirb/big.txt

  • /usr/share/wordlists/dirbuster/directory-list-2.3-medium.txt

请注意,每当在暴力破解或爬虫过程中发现新目录时,应进行暴力破解。

每个找到的文件要检查的内容

  • 注释:检查所有文件的注释,您可以找到凭证或隐藏功能。

  • 如果您在进行CTF比赛,一个“常见”的技巧是在页面的右侧的注释中隐藏信息(使用大量的空格,这样如果您使用浏览器打开源代码,您就看不到数据)。另一种可能性是使用多个新行,并在网页底部的注释中隐藏信息。

特殊发现

在执行爬行和暴力破解时,您可能会发现一些有趣的 事物,您需要注意。

有趣的文件

  • 查找CSS文件中指向其他文件的链接。

  • 如果找到一个 .env 文件,可能会发现诸如API密钥、数据库密码和其他信息。

  • 您还可以监视检测到表单的文件,因为参数的更改或新表单的出现可能表明潜在的新易受攻击的功能。

403 Forbidden/基本身份验证/401未经授权(绕过)

502 代理错误

如果任何页面以该代码响应,那么可能是配置不良的代理。如果您发送类似以下的HTTP请求:GET https://google.com HTTP/1.1(带有主机头和其他常见头),代理将尝试访问google.com,您将发现一个SSRF。

NTLM身份验证 - 信息泄露

如果正在请求身份验证的运行服务器是Windows,或者您找到一个要求您凭证的登录(并要求域 名),您可以引发信息泄露。 发送 头部:“Authorization: NTLM TlRMTVNTUAABAAAAB4IIAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=”,由于NTLM身份验证的工作方式,服务器将在“WWW-Authenticate”头部中回复内部信息(IIS版本、Windows版本...)。 您可以使用nmap插件“http-ntlm-info.nse”来自动化这个过程。

HTTP重定向(CTF)

可以在重定向中放置内容。这些内容不会显示给用户(因为浏览器将执行重定向),但其中可能隐藏着一些内容。

Web漏洞检查

现在已经执行了对Web应用程序的全面枚举,是时候检查可能存在的许多漏洞了。您可以在这里找到检查清单:

在以下链接中查找有关Web漏洞的更多信息:

监控页面更改

如果您对黑客职业感兴趣并想要攻破不可攻破的系统 - 我们正在招聘!(需要流利的波兰语书面和口语表达能力)。

HackTricks自动命令

Protocol_Name: Web    #Protocol Abbreviation if there is one.
Port_Number:  80,443     #Comma separated if there is more than one.
Protocol_Description: Web         #Protocol Abbreviation Spelled out

Entry_1:
Name: Notes
Description: Notes for Web
Note: |
https://book.hacktricks.xyz/pentesting/pentesting-web

Entry_2:
Name: Quick Web Scan
Description: Nikto and GoBuster
Command: nikto -host {Web_Proto}://{IP}:{Web_Port} &&&& gobuster dir -w {Small_Dirlist} -u {Web_Proto}://{IP}:{Web_Port} && gobuster dir -w {Big_Dirlist} -u {Web_Proto}://{IP}:{Web_Port}

Entry_3:
Name: Nikto
Description: Basic Site Info via Nikto
Command: nikto -host {Web_Proto}://{IP}:{Web_Port}

Entry_4:
Name: WhatWeb
Description: General purpose auto scanner
Command: whatweb -a 4 {IP}

Entry_5:
Name: Directory Brute Force Non-Recursive
Description:  Non-Recursive Directory Brute Force
Command: gobuster dir -w {Big_Dirlist} -u {Web_Proto}://{IP}:{Web_Port}

Entry_6:
Name: Directory Brute Force Recursive
Description: Recursive Directory Brute Force
Command: python3 {Tool_Dir}dirsearch/dirsearch.py -w {Small_Dirlist} -e php,exe,sh,py,html,pl -f -t 20 -u {Web_Proto}://{IP}:{Web_Port} -r 10

Entry_7:
Name: Directory Brute Force CGI
Description: Common Gateway Interface Brute Force
Command: gobuster dir -u {Web_Proto}://{IP}:{Web_Port}/ -w /usr/share/seclists/Discovery/Web-Content/CGIs.txt -s 200

Entry_8:
Name: Nmap Web Vuln Scan
Description: Tailored Nmap Scan for web Vulnerabilities
Command: nmap -vv --reason -Pn -sV -p {Web_Port} --script=`banner,(http* or ssl*) and not (brute or broadcast or dos or external or http-slowloris* or fuzzer)` {IP}

Entry_9:
Name: Drupal
Description: Drupal Enumeration Notes
Note: |
git clone https://github.com/immunIT/drupwn.git for low hanging fruit and git clone https://github.com/droope/droopescan.git for deeper enumeration

Entry_10:
Name: WordPress
Description: WordPress Enumeration with WPScan
Command: |
?What is the location of the wp-login.php? Example: /Yeet/cannon/wp-login.php
wpscan --url {Web_Proto}://{IP}{1} --enumerate ap,at,cb,dbe && wpscan --url {Web_Proto}://{IP}{1} --enumerate u,tt,t,vp --passwords {Big_Passwordlist} -e

Entry_11:
Name: WordPress Hydra Brute Force
Description: Need User (admin is default)
Command: hydra -l admin -P {Big_Passwordlist} {IP} -V http-form-post '/wp-login.php:log=^USER^&pwd=^PASS^&wp-submit=Log In&testcookie=1:S=Location'

Entry_12:
Name: Ffuf Vhost
Description: Simple Scan with Ffuf for discovering additional vhosts
Command: ffuf -w {Subdomain_List}:FUZZ -u {Web_Proto}://{Domain_Name} -H "Host:FUZZ.{Domain_Name}" -c -mc all {Ffuf_Filters}

检查运行的服务器版本是否存在已知漏洞。 响应的HTTP标头和Cookie可能非常有用,可用于识别正在使用的技术和/或版本。Nmap扫描可以识别服务器版本,但也可以使用工具、或:

搜索

: ,ColdFusion,WebLogic, ,Railo,Axis2,Glassfish :为、、Joomla、vBulletin网站查找安全问题(GUI) : , , ,PrestaShop,Opencart CMSMap:, , 或 : , , ,Silverstripe,

检查是否可以上传文件()

使用来检查漏洞(在Bug赏金计划中,这类漏洞可能不会被接受),并使用重新检查漏洞:

(go):HTML爬虫,JS文件中的LinkFinder和外部来源(Archive.org、CommonCrawl.org、VirusTotal.com、AlienVault.com)。

(go):HML爬虫,带有JS文件和Archive.org的LinkFider作为外部来源。

(python):HTML爬虫,还指示“juicy files”。

(go):交互式CLI HTML爬虫。它还在Archive.org中搜索。

(go):这个工具不是爬虫,但可能很有用。您只需指定一个包含主机和路径的文件,meg将在每个主机上获取每个路径并保存响应。

(go):带有JS渲染功能的HTML爬虫。但是,看起来它没有维护,预编译版本过时,当前代码无法编译。

(go):使用外部提供者(wayback、otx、commoncrawl)的HTML爬虫。

:此脚本将查找带有参数的URL并列出它们。

(go):带有JS渲染功能的HTML爬虫。

(python):HTML爬虫,具有JS美化功能,能够在JS文件中搜索新路径。还值得一看,它是LinkFinder的包装器。

(go):用于提取HTML源代码和嵌入式javascript文件中的端点。对于漏洞猎人、红队人员、信息安全专家很有用。

(python2.7):使用Tornado和JSBeautifier从JavaScript文件中解析相对URL的Python 2.7脚本。用于轻松发现AJAX请求。看起来没有维护。

(ruby):给定一个文件(HTML),它将使用巧妙的正则表达式从中提取URL,以查找并提取丑陋(压缩)文件中的相对URL。

(bash,多个工具):使用多个工具从JS文件中收集有趣的信息。

(go):查找JS文件。

(go):在无头浏览器中加载页面并打印加载的所有URL以加载页面。

(rust):混合了前述工具的几个选项的内容发现工具。

:用于在JS文件中查找路径和参数的Burp扩展。

:给定.js.map URL,将获取到美化的JS代码。

:这是一个用于发现给定目标的端点的工具。

**:**从wayback机器中发现链接(还下载wayback中的响应并查找更多链接)。

(go):爬行(甚至通过填写表单)并使用特定的正则表达式查找敏感信息。

:Spider Suite是一款专为网络安全专业人员设计的高级多功能GUI网络安全爬虫/蜘蛛。

(go):这是一个用于从JavaScript源代码中提取URL、路径、秘密和其他有趣数据的Go包和。

:ParaForge是一个简单的Burp Suite扩展,用于从请求中提取参数和端点,以创建用于模糊测试和枚举的自定义字典。

(go):这是一个很棒的工具。

(python):不允许自动签名证书,但允许递归搜索。

(go):允许自动签名证书,不支持递归搜索。

- 快速,支持递归搜索。

wfuzz -w /usr/share/seclists/Discovery/Web-Content/raft-medium-directories.txt https://domain.com/api/FUZZ

- 快速:ffuf -c -w /usr/share/wordlists/dirb/big.txt -u http://10.10.10.10/FUZZ

(python):这不是爬虫,而是一个工具,根据找到的URL列表删除“重复”URL。

:Burp扩展,从不同页面的burp历史记录中创建目录列表

:删除具有重复功能的URL(基于js导入)

:使用wapalyzer检测使用的技术并选择要使用的字典。

:查找HTML中的损坏链接,可能容易被接管

文件备份:找到所有文件后,查找所有可执行文件的备份(".php",".aspx"...)。备份的常见变体包括:file.ext~,#file.ext#,~file.ext,file.ext.bak,file.ext.tmp,file.ext.old,file.bak,file.tmp和file.old. 您还可以使用工具 或 。

发现新参数:您可以使用诸如,, 和 等工具来发现隐藏参数。如果可以的话,您可以尝试在每个可执行的Web文件上搜索隐藏的参数。

Arjun所有默认字典:

Param-miner “params”:

Assetnote “parameters_top_1m”:

nullenc0de “params.txt”:

API密钥:如果您找到任何API密钥,有指南指示如何使用不同平台的API密钥:,,,,,,

Google API密钥:如果您找到任何看起来像AIzaSyA-qLheq6xjDiEIRisP_ujUseYLQCHUjik的API密钥,您可以使用项目来检查该密钥可以访问哪些API。

S3存储桶:在爬行过程中查看是否有任何子域或任何链接与某个S3存储桶相关。在这种情况下,。

如果找到API端点,您。这些不是文件,但可能会“看起来像”它们。

JS文件:在爬行部分提到了几个可以从JS文件中提取路径的工具。此外,监视每个找到的JS文件也很有趣,因为在某些情况下,更改可能表明代码中引入了潜在的漏洞。您可以使用例如。

您还应该使用或检查发现的JS文件是否存在漏洞。

Javascript去混淆器和解包器:,

Javascript美化器:,

JsFuck去混淆(包含字符:“[]!+” )

: +72.+29.+7..+3.-67.-12.+55.+24.+3.-6.-8.-67.-23.

在许多情况下,您将需要理解使用的正则表达式,这将很有用:

您可以使用工具如来监视页面的修改,以防止可能插入漏洞。

从零开始学习AWS黑客技术,成为专家 !

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获取

探索,我们的独家

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👽
Web API Pentesting
按照此检查清单进行操作
whatweb
webtech
https://builtwith.com/
Web应用程序版本的漏洞
https://github.com/EnableSecurity/wafw00f
https://github.com/Ekultek/WhatWaf.git
https://nmap.org/nsedoc/scripts/http-waf-detect.html
AEM - Adobe Experience Cloud
Apache
Artifactory
Buckets
CGI
Drupal
Flask
Git
Golang
GraphQL
H2 - Java SQL database
IIS tricks
JBOSS
Jenkins
Jira
Joomla
JSP
Laravel
Moodle
Nginx
PHP (php has a lot of interesting tricks that could be exploited)
Python
Spring Actuators
Symphony
Tomcat
VMWare
Web API Pentesting
WebDav
Werkzeug
Wordpress
Electron Desktop (XSS to RCE)
Source code Review / SAST Tools
Clusterd
JBoss
Tomcat
CMSScan
WordPress
Drupal
VulnX
Joomla
Wordpress
Drupal
(W)ordpress
(J)oomla
(D)rupal
(M)oodle
droopscan
Drupal
Joomla
Moodle
Wordpress
PUT谓词,WebDav
testssl.sh
a2sv
https://www.gracefulsecurity.com/tls-ssl-vulnerabilities/
https://www.acunetix.com/blog/articles/tls-vulnerabilities-attacks-final-part/
gospider
hakrawler
dirhunt
evine
meg
urlgrab
gau
ParamSpider
galer
LinkFinder
JSScanner
goLinkFinder
JSParser
relative-url-extractor
JSFScan
subjs
page-fetch
Feroxbuster
Javascript Parsing
Sourcemapper
xnLinkFinder
waymore
HTTPLoot
SpiderSuite
jsluice
命令行工具
ParaForge
katana
Dirsearch
Gobuster
Feroxbuster
wfuzz
ffuf
uro
Scavenger
TrashCompactor
Chamaleon
https://github.com/carlospolop/Auto_Wordlists/blob/main/wordlists/bf_directories.txt
Dirsearch 包含的字典
http://gist.github.com/jhaddix/b80ea67d85c13206125806f0828f4d10
Assetnote wordlists
https://github.com/danielmiessler/SecLists/tree/master/Discovery/Web-Content
https://github.com/random-robbie/bruteforce-lists
https://github.com/google/fuzzing/tree/master/dictionaries
https://github.com/six2dez/OneListForAll
https://github.com/random-robbie/bruteforce-lists
https://github.com/ayoubfathi/leaky-paths
损坏链接检查器
bfac
backup-gen
Arjun
parameth
x8
Param Miner
https://github.com/s0md3v/Arjun/tree/master/arjun/db
https://github.com/PortSwigger/param-miner/blob/master/resources/params
https://wordlists.assetnote.io/
https://gist.github.com/nullenc0de/9cb36260207924f8e1787279a05eb773
keyhacks
zile
truffleHog
SecretFinder
RegHex
DumpsterDive
EarlyBird
gmapapiscanner
检查存储桶的权限
如果找到一个 .git 文件,可以提取一些信息
也应该测试它们
JSMon
RetireJS
JSHole
https://lelinhtinh.github.io/de4js/
https://www.dcode.fr/javascript-unobfuscator
http://jsbeautifier.org/
http://jsnice.org/
https://ooze.ninja/javascript/poisonjs/
TrainFuck
https://regex101.com/
403 & 401 Bypasses
Web Vulnerabilities Methodology
https://six2dez.gitbook.io/pentest-book/others/web-checklist
https://kennel209.gitbooks.io/owasp-testing-guide-v4/content/en/web_application_security_testing/configuration_and_deployment_management_testing.html
https://owasp-skf.gitbook.io/asvs-write-ups/kbid-111-client-side-template-injection
https://github.com/dgtlmoon/changedetection.io
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