hacktricks
  • 👾Welcome!
    • HackTricks
  • 🤩Generic Methodologies & Resources
    • Pentesting Methodology
    • External Recon Methodology
      • Wide Source Code Search
      • Github Dorks & Leaks
    • Pentesting Network
      • DHCPv6
      • EIGRP Attacks
      • GLBP & HSRP Attacks
      • IDS and IPS Evasion
      • Lateral VLAN Segmentation Bypass
      • Network Protocols Explained (ESP)
      • Nmap Summary (ESP)
      • Pentesting IPv6
      • Spoofing LLMNR, NBT-NS, mDNS/DNS and WPAD and Relay Attacks
      • Spoofing SSDP and UPnP Devices with EvilSSDP
    • Pentesting Wifi
      • Evil Twin EAP-TLS
    • Phishing Methodology
      • Clone a Website
      • Detecting Phishing
      • Phishing Files & Documents
    • Basic Forensic Methodology
      • Baseline Monitoring
      • Anti-Forensic Techniques
      • Docker Forensics
      • Image Acquisition & Mount
      • Linux Forensics
      • Malware Analysis
      • Memory dump analysis
        • Volatility - CheatSheet
      • Partitions/File Systems/Carving
        • File/Data Carving & Recovery Tools
      • Pcap Inspection
        • DNSCat pcap analysis
        • Suricata & Iptables cheatsheet
        • USB Keystrokes
        • Wifi Pcap Analysis
        • Wireshark tricks
      • Specific Software/File-Type Tricks
        • Decompile compiled python binaries (exe, elf) - Retreive from .pyc
        • Browser Artifacts
        • Deofuscation vbs (cscript.exe)
        • Local Cloud Storage
        • Office file analysis
        • PDF File analysis
        • PNG tricks
        • Video and Audio file analysis
        • ZIPs tricks
      • Windows Artifacts
        • Interesting Windows Registry Keys
    • Brute Force - CheatSheet
    • Python Sandbox Escape & Pyscript
      • Bypass Python sandboxes
        • LOAD_NAME / LOAD_CONST opcode OOB Read
      • Class Pollution (Python's Prototype Pollution)
      • Python Internal Read Gadgets
      • Pyscript
      • venv
      • Web Requests
      • Bruteforce hash (few chars)
      • Basic Python
    • Exfiltration
    • Tunneling and Port Forwarding
    • Threat Modeling
    • Search Exploits
    • Shells (Linux, Windows, MSFVenom)
      • MSFVenom - CheatSheet
      • Shells - Windows
      • Shells - Linux
      • Full TTYs
  • 🐧Linux Hardening
    • Checklist - Linux Privilege Escalation
    • Linux Privilege Escalation
      • Arbitrary File Write to Root
      • Cisco - vmanage
      • Containerd (ctr) Privilege Escalation
      • D-Bus Enumeration & Command Injection Privilege Escalation
      • Docker Security
        • Abusing Docker Socket for Privilege Escalation
        • AppArmor
        • AuthZ& AuthN - Docker Access Authorization Plugin
        • CGroups
        • Docker --privileged
        • Docker Breakout / Privilege Escalation
          • release_agent exploit - Relative Paths to PIDs
          • Docker release_agent cgroups escape
          • Sensitive Mounts
        • Namespaces
          • CGroup Namespace
          • IPC Namespace
          • PID Namespace
          • Mount Namespace
          • Network Namespace
          • Time Namespace
          • User Namespace
          • UTS Namespace
        • Seccomp
        • Weaponizing Distroless
      • Escaping from Jails
      • euid, ruid, suid
      • Interesting Groups - Linux Privesc
        • lxd/lxc Group - Privilege escalation
      • Logstash
      • ld.so privesc exploit example
      • Linux Active Directory
      • Linux Capabilities
      • NFS no_root_squash/no_all_squash misconfiguration PE
      • Node inspector/CEF debug abuse
      • Payloads to execute
      • RunC Privilege Escalation
      • SELinux
      • Socket Command Injection
      • Splunk LPE and Persistence
      • SSH Forward Agent exploitation
      • Wildcards Spare tricks
    • Useful Linux Commands
    • Bypass Linux Restrictions
      • Bypass FS protections: read-only / no-exec / Distroless
        • DDexec / EverythingExec
    • Linux Environment Variables
    • Linux Post-Exploitation
      • PAM - Pluggable Authentication Modules
    • FreeIPA Pentesting
  • 🍏MacOS Hardening
    • macOS Security & Privilege Escalation
      • macOS Apps - Inspecting, debugging and Fuzzing
        • Introduction to x64
        • Introduction to ARM64v8
      • macOS AppleFS
      • macOS Bypassing Firewalls
      • macOS Defensive Apps
      • macOS GCD - Grand Central Dispatch
      • macOS Kernel & System Extensions
        • macOS IOKit
        • macOS Kernel Extensions
        • macOS Kernel Vulnerabilities
        • macOS System Extensions
      • macOS Network Services & Protocols
      • macOS File Extension & URL scheme app handlers
      • macOS Files, Folders, Binaries & Memory
        • macOS Bundles
        • macOS Installers Abuse
        • macOS Memory Dumping
        • macOS Sensitive Locations & Interesting Daemons
        • macOS Universal binaries & Mach-O Format
      • macOS Objective-C
      • macOS Privilege Escalation
      • macOS Process Abuse
        • macOS Dirty NIB
        • macOS Chromium Injection
        • macOS Electron Applications Injection
        • macOS Function Hooking
        • macOS IPC - Inter Process Communication
          • macOS MIG - Mach Interface Generator
          • macOS XPC
            • macOS XPC Authorization
            • macOS XPC Connecting Process Check
              • macOS PID Reuse
              • macOS xpc_connection_get_audit_token Attack
          • macOS Thread Injection via Task port
        • macOS Java Applications Injection
        • macOS Library Injection
          • macOS Dyld Hijacking & DYLD_INSERT_LIBRARIES
          • macOS Dyld Process
        • macOS Perl Applications Injection
        • macOS Python Applications Injection
        • macOS Ruby Applications Injection
        • macOS .Net Applications Injection
      • macOS Security Protections
        • macOS Gatekeeper / Quarantine / XProtect
        • macOS Launch/Environment Constraints & Trust Cache
        • macOS Sandbox
          • macOS Default Sandbox Debug
          • macOS Sandbox Debug & Bypass
            • macOS Office Sandbox Bypasses
        • macOS SIP
        • macOS TCC
          • macOS Apple Events
          • macOS TCC Bypasses
            • macOS Apple Scripts
          • macOS TCC Payloads
        • macOS Dangerous Entitlements & TCC perms
        • macOS FS Tricks
          • macOS xattr-acls extra stuff
      • macOS Users
    • macOS Red Teaming
      • macOS MDM
        • Enrolling Devices in Other Organisations
        • macOS Serial Number
      • macOS Keychain
    • macOS Useful Commands
    • macOS Auto Start
  • 🪟Windows Hardening
    • Checklist - Local Windows Privilege Escalation
    • Windows Local Privilege Escalation
      • Abusing Tokens
      • Access Tokens
      • ACLs - DACLs/SACLs/ACEs
      • AppendData/AddSubdirectory permission over service registry
      • Create MSI with WIX
      • COM Hijacking
      • Dll Hijacking
        • Writable Sys Path +Dll Hijacking Privesc
      • DPAPI - Extracting Passwords
      • From High Integrity to SYSTEM with Name Pipes
      • Integrity Levels
      • JuicyPotato
      • Leaked Handle Exploitation
      • MSI Wrapper
      • Named Pipe Client Impersonation
      • Privilege Escalation with Autoruns
      • RoguePotato, PrintSpoofer, SharpEfsPotato, GodPotato
      • SeDebug + SeImpersonate copy token
      • SeImpersonate from High To System
      • Windows C Payloads
    • Active Directory Methodology
      • Abusing Active Directory ACLs/ACEs
        • Shadow Credentials
      • AD Certificates
        • AD CS Account Persistence
        • AD CS Domain Escalation
        • AD CS Domain Persistence
        • AD CS Certificate Theft
      • AD information in printers
      • AD DNS Records
      • ASREPRoast
      • BloodHound & Other AD Enum Tools
      • Constrained Delegation
      • Custom SSP
      • DCShadow
      • DCSync
      • Diamond Ticket
      • DSRM Credentials
      • External Forest Domain - OneWay (Inbound) or bidirectional
      • External Forest Domain - One-Way (Outbound)
      • Golden Ticket
      • Kerberoast
      • Kerberos Authentication
      • Kerberos Double Hop Problem
      • LAPS
      • MSSQL AD Abuse
      • Over Pass the Hash/Pass the Key
      • Pass the Ticket
      • Password Spraying / Brute Force
      • PrintNightmare
      • Force NTLM Privileged Authentication
      • Privileged Groups
      • RDP Sessions Abuse
      • Resource-based Constrained Delegation
      • Security Descriptors
      • SID-History Injection
      • Silver Ticket
      • Skeleton Key
      • Unconstrained Delegation
    • Windows Security Controls
      • UAC - User Account Control
    • NTLM
      • Places to steal NTLM creds
    • Lateral Movement
      • AtExec / SchtasksExec
      • DCOM Exec
      • PsExec/Winexec/ScExec
      • SmbExec/ScExec
      • WinRM
      • WmicExec
    • Pivoting to the Cloud
    • Stealing Windows Credentials
      • Windows Credentials Protections
      • Mimikatz
      • WTS Impersonator
    • Basic Win CMD for Pentesters
    • Basic PowerShell for Pentesters
      • PowerView/SharpView
    • Antivirus (AV) Bypass
  • 📱Mobile Pentesting
    • Android APK Checklist
    • Android Applications Pentesting
      • Android Applications Basics
      • Android Task Hijacking
      • ADB Commands
      • APK decompilers
      • AVD - Android Virtual Device
      • Bypass Biometric Authentication (Android)
      • content:// protocol
      • Drozer Tutorial
        • Exploiting Content Providers
      • Exploiting a debuggeable application
      • Frida Tutorial
        • Frida Tutorial 1
        • Frida Tutorial 2
        • Frida Tutorial 3
        • Objection Tutorial
      • Google CTF 2018 - Shall We Play a Game?
      • Install Burp Certificate
      • Intent Injection
      • Make APK Accept CA Certificate
      • Manual DeObfuscation
      • React Native Application
      • Reversing Native Libraries
      • Smali - Decompiling/[Modifying]/Compiling
      • Spoofing your location in Play Store
      • Tapjacking
      • Webview Attacks
    • iOS Pentesting Checklist
    • iOS Pentesting
      • iOS App Extensions
      • iOS Basics
      • iOS Basic Testing Operations
      • iOS Burp Suite Configuration
      • iOS Custom URI Handlers / Deeplinks / Custom Schemes
      • iOS Extracting Entitlements From Compiled Application
      • iOS Frida Configuration
      • iOS Hooking With Objection
      • iOS Protocol Handlers
      • iOS Serialisation and Encoding
      • iOS Testing Environment
      • iOS UIActivity Sharing
      • iOS Universal Links
      • iOS UIPasteboard
      • iOS WebViews
    • Cordova Apps
    • Xamarin Apps
  • 👽Network Services Pentesting
    • Pentesting JDWP - Java Debug Wire Protocol
    • Pentesting Printers
    • Pentesting SAP
    • Pentesting VoIP
      • Basic VoIP Protocols
        • SIP (Session Initiation Protocol)
    • Pentesting Remote GdbServer
    • 7/tcp/udp - Pentesting Echo
    • 21 - Pentesting FTP
      • FTP Bounce attack - Scan
      • FTP Bounce - Download 2ºFTP file
    • 22 - Pentesting SSH/SFTP
    • 23 - Pentesting Telnet
    • 25,465,587 - Pentesting SMTP/s
      • SMTP Smuggling
      • SMTP - Commands
    • 43 - Pentesting WHOIS
    • 49 - Pentesting TACACS+
    • 53 - Pentesting DNS
    • 69/UDP TFTP/Bittorrent-tracker
    • 79 - Pentesting Finger
    • 80,443 - Pentesting Web Methodology
      • 403 & 401 Bypasses
      • AEM - Adobe Experience Cloud
      • Angular
      • Apache
      • Artifactory Hacking guide
      • Bolt CMS
      • Buckets
        • Firebase Database
      • CGI
      • DotNetNuke (DNN)
      • Drupal
      • Electron Desktop Apps
        • Electron contextIsolation RCE via preload code
        • Electron contextIsolation RCE via Electron internal code
        • Electron contextIsolation RCE via IPC
      • Flask
      • NodeJS Express
      • Git
      • Golang
      • GWT - Google Web Toolkit
      • Grafana
      • GraphQL
      • H2 - Java SQL database
      • IIS - Internet Information Services
      • ImageMagick Security
      • JBOSS
      • JIRA
      • Joomla
      • JSP
      • Laravel
      • Moodle
      • Nginx
      • PHP Tricks
        • PHP - Useful Functions & disable_functions/open_basedir bypass
          • disable_functions bypass - php-fpm/FastCGI
          • disable_functions bypass - dl function
          • disable_functions bypass - PHP 7.0-7.4 (*nix only)
          • disable_functions bypass - Imagick <= 3.3.0 PHP >= 5.4 Exploit
          • disable_functions - PHP 5.x Shellshock Exploit
          • disable_functions - PHP 5.2.4 ionCube extension Exploit
          • disable_functions bypass - PHP <= 5.2.9 on windows
          • disable_functions bypass - PHP 5.2.4 and 5.2.5 PHP cURL
          • disable_functions bypass - PHP safe_mode bypass via proc_open() and custom environment Exploit
          • disable_functions bypass - PHP Perl Extension Safe_mode Bypass Exploit
          • disable_functions bypass - PHP 5.2.3 - Win32std ext Protections Bypass
          • disable_functions bypass - PHP 5.2 - FOpen Exploit
          • disable_functions bypass - via mem
          • disable_functions bypass - mod_cgi
          • disable_functions bypass - PHP 4 >= 4.2.0, PHP 5 pcntl_exec
        • PHP - RCE abusing object creation: new $_GET["a"]($_GET["b"])
        • PHP SSRF
      • Python
      • Rocket Chat
      • Special HTTP headers
      • Source code Review / SAST Tools
      • Spring Actuators
      • Symfony
      • Tomcat
        • Basic Tomcat Info
      • Uncovering CloudFlare
      • VMWare (ESX, VCenter...)
      • WAF Bypass
      • Web API Pentesting
      • WebDav
      • Werkzeug / Flask Debug
      • Wordpress
    • 88tcp/udp - Pentesting Kerberos
      • Harvesting tickets from Windows
      • Harvesting tickets from Linux
    • 110,995 - Pentesting POP
    • 111/TCP/UDP - Pentesting Portmapper
    • 113 - Pentesting Ident
    • 123/udp - Pentesting NTP
    • 135, 593 - Pentesting MSRPC
    • 137,138,139 - Pentesting NetBios
    • 139,445 - Pentesting SMB
      • rpcclient enumeration
    • 143,993 - Pentesting IMAP
    • 161,162,10161,10162/udp - Pentesting SNMP
      • Cisco SNMP
      • SNMP RCE
    • 194,6667,6660-7000 - Pentesting IRC
    • 264 - Pentesting Check Point FireWall-1
    • 389, 636, 3268, 3269 - Pentesting LDAP
    • 500/udp - Pentesting IPsec/IKE VPN
    • 502 - Pentesting Modbus
    • 512 - Pentesting Rexec
    • 513 - Pentesting Rlogin
    • 514 - Pentesting Rsh
    • 515 - Pentesting Line Printer Daemon (LPD)
    • 548 - Pentesting Apple Filing Protocol (AFP)
    • 554,8554 - Pentesting RTSP
    • 623/UDP/TCP - IPMI
    • 631 - Internet Printing Protocol(IPP)
    • 700 - Pentesting EPP
    • 873 - Pentesting Rsync
    • 1026 - Pentesting Rusersd
    • 1080 - Pentesting Socks
    • 1098/1099/1050 - Pentesting Java RMI - RMI-IIOP
    • 1414 - Pentesting IBM MQ
    • 1433 - Pentesting MSSQL - Microsoft SQL Server
      • Types of MSSQL Users
    • 1521,1522-1529 - Pentesting Oracle TNS Listener
    • 1723 - Pentesting PPTP
    • 1883 - Pentesting MQTT (Mosquitto)
    • 2049 - Pentesting NFS Service
    • 2301,2381 - Pentesting Compaq/HP Insight Manager
    • 2375, 2376 Pentesting Docker
    • 3128 - Pentesting Squid
    • 3260 - Pentesting ISCSI
    • 3299 - Pentesting SAPRouter
    • 3306 - Pentesting Mysql
    • 3389 - Pentesting RDP
    • 3632 - Pentesting distcc
    • 3690 - Pentesting Subversion (svn server)
    • 3702/UDP - Pentesting WS-Discovery
    • 4369 - Pentesting Erlang Port Mapper Daemon (epmd)
    • 4786 - Cisco Smart Install
    • 4840 - OPC Unified Architecture
    • 5000 - Pentesting Docker Registry
    • 5353/UDP Multicast DNS (mDNS) and DNS-SD
    • 5432,5433 - Pentesting Postgresql
    • 5439 - Pentesting Redshift
    • 5555 - Android Debug Bridge
    • 5601 - Pentesting Kibana
    • 5671,5672 - Pentesting AMQP
    • 5800,5801,5900,5901 - Pentesting VNC
    • 5984,6984 - Pentesting CouchDB
    • 5985,5986 - Pentesting WinRM
    • 5985,5986 - Pentesting OMI
    • 6000 - Pentesting X11
    • 6379 - Pentesting Redis
    • 8009 - Pentesting Apache JServ Protocol (AJP)
    • 8086 - Pentesting InfluxDB
    • 8089 - Pentesting Splunkd
    • 8333,18333,38333,18444 - Pentesting Bitcoin
    • 9000 - Pentesting FastCGI
    • 9001 - Pentesting HSQLDB
    • 9042/9160 - Pentesting Cassandra
    • 9100 - Pentesting Raw Printing (JetDirect, AppSocket, PDL-datastream)
    • 9200 - Pentesting Elasticsearch
    • 10000 - Pentesting Network Data Management Protocol (ndmp)
    • 11211 - Pentesting Memcache
      • Memcache Commands
    • 15672 - Pentesting RabbitMQ Management
    • 24007,24008,24009,49152 - Pentesting GlusterFS
    • 27017,27018 - Pentesting MongoDB
    • 44134 - Pentesting Tiller (Helm)
    • 44818/UDP/TCP - Pentesting EthernetIP
    • 47808/udp - Pentesting BACNet
    • 50030,50060,50070,50075,50090 - Pentesting Hadoop
  • 🕸️Pentesting Web
    • Web Vulnerabilities Methodology
    • Reflecting Techniques - PoCs and Polygloths CheatSheet
      • Web Vulns List
    • 2FA/OTP Bypass
    • Account Takeover
    • Browser Extension Pentesting Methodology
      • BrowExt - ClickJacking
      • BrowExt - permissions & host_permissions
      • BrowExt - XSS Example
    • Bypass Payment Process
    • Captcha Bypass
    • Cache Poisoning and Cache Deception
      • Cache Poisoning to DoS
    • Clickjacking
    • Client Side Template Injection (CSTI)
    • Client Side Path Traversal
    • Command Injection
    • Content Security Policy (CSP) Bypass
      • CSP bypass: self + 'unsafe-inline' with Iframes
    • Cookies Hacking
      • Cookie Tossing
      • Cookie Jar Overflow
      • Cookie Bomb
    • CORS - Misconfigurations & Bypass
    • CRLF (%0D%0A) Injection
    • CSRF (Cross Site Request Forgery)
    • Dangling Markup - HTML scriptless injection
      • SS-Leaks
    • Dependency Confusion
    • Deserialization
      • NodeJS - __proto__ & prototype Pollution
        • Client Side Prototype Pollution
        • Express Prototype Pollution Gadgets
        • Prototype Pollution to RCE
      • Java JSF ViewState (.faces) Deserialization
      • Java DNS Deserialization, GadgetProbe and Java Deserialization Scanner
      • Basic Java Deserialization (ObjectInputStream, readObject)
      • PHP - Deserialization + Autoload Classes
      • CommonsCollection1 Payload - Java Transformers to Rutime exec() and Thread Sleep
      • Basic .Net deserialization (ObjectDataProvider gadget, ExpandedWrapper, and Json.Net)
      • Exploiting __VIEWSTATE knowing the secrets
      • Exploiting __VIEWSTATE without knowing the secrets
      • Python Yaml Deserialization
      • JNDI - Java Naming and Directory Interface & Log4Shell
    • Domain/Subdomain takeover
    • Email Injections
    • File Inclusion/Path traversal
      • phar:// deserialization
      • LFI2RCE via PHP Filters
      • LFI2RCE via Nginx temp files
      • LFI2RCE via PHP_SESSION_UPLOAD_PROGRESS
      • LFI2RCE via Segmentation Fault
      • LFI2RCE via phpinfo()
      • LFI2RCE Via temp file uploads
      • LFI2RCE via Eternal waiting
      • LFI2RCE Via compress.zlib + PHP_STREAM_PREFER_STUDIO + Path Disclosure
    • File Upload
      • PDF Upload - XXE and CORS bypass
    • Formula/CSV/Doc/LaTeX/GhostScript Injection
    • gRPC-Web Pentest
    • HTTP Connection Contamination
    • HTTP Connection Request Smuggling
    • HTTP Request Smuggling / HTTP Desync Attack
      • Browser HTTP Request Smuggling
      • Request Smuggling in HTTP/2 Downgrades
    • HTTP Response Smuggling / Desync
    • Upgrade Header Smuggling
    • hop-by-hop headers
    • IDOR
    • Integer Overflow
    • JWT Vulnerabilities (Json Web Tokens)
    • LDAP Injection
    • Login Bypass
      • Login bypass List
    • NoSQL injection
    • OAuth to Account takeover
    • Open Redirect
    • Parameter Pollution
    • Phone Number Injections
    • PostMessage Vulnerabilities
      • Blocking main page to steal postmessage
      • Bypassing SOP with Iframes - 1
      • Bypassing SOP with Iframes - 2
      • Steal postmessage modifying iframe location
    • Proxy / WAF Protections Bypass
    • Race Condition
    • Rate Limit Bypass
    • Registration & Takeover Vulnerabilities
    • Regular expression Denial of Service - ReDoS
    • Reset/Forgotten Password Bypass
    • SAML Attacks
      • SAML Basics
    • Server Side Inclusion/Edge Side Inclusion Injection
    • SQL Injection
      • MS Access SQL Injection
      • MSSQL Injection
      • MySQL injection
        • MySQL File priv to SSRF/RCE
      • Oracle injection
      • Cypher Injection (neo4j)
      • PostgreSQL injection
        • dblink/lo_import data exfiltration
        • PL/pgSQL Password Bruteforce
        • Network - Privesc, Port Scanner and NTLM chanllenge response disclosure
        • Big Binary Files Upload (PostgreSQL)
        • RCE with PostgreSQL Languages
        • RCE with PostgreSQL Extensions
      • SQLMap - Cheetsheat
        • Second Order Injection - SQLMap
    • SSRF (Server Side Request Forgery)
      • URL Format Bypass
      • SSRF Vulnerable Platforms
      • Cloud SSRF
    • SSTI (Server Side Template Injection)
      • EL - Expression Language
      • Jinja2 SSTI
    • Reverse Tab Nabbing
    • Unicode Injection
      • Unicode Normalization
    • WebSocket Attacks
    • Web Tool - WFuzz
    • XPATH injection
    • XSLT Server Side Injection (Extensible Stylesheet Language Transformations)
    • XXE - XEE - XML External Entity
    • XSS (Cross Site Scripting)
      • Abusing Service Workers
      • Chrome Cache to XSS
      • Debugging Client Side JS
      • Dom Clobbering
      • DOM Invader
      • DOM XSS
      • Iframes in XSS, CSP and SOP
      • JS Hoisting
      • Misc JS Tricks & Relevant Info
      • PDF Injection
      • Server Side XSS (Dynamic PDF)
      • Shadow DOM
      • SOME - Same Origin Method Execution
      • Sniff Leak
      • Steal Info JS
      • XSS in Markdown
    • XSSI (Cross-Site Script Inclusion)
    • XS-Search/XS-Leaks
      • Connection Pool Examples
      • Connection Pool by Destination Example
      • Cookie Bomb + Onerror XS Leak
      • URL Max Length - Client Side
      • performance.now example
      • performance.now + Force heavy task
      • Event Loop Blocking + Lazy images
      • JavaScript Execution XS Leak
      • CSS Injection
        • CSS Injection Code
  • ⛈️Cloud Security
    • Pentesting Kubernetes
    • Pentesting Cloud (AWS, GCP, Az...)
    • Pentesting CI/CD (Github, Jenkins, Terraform...)
  • 😎Hardware/Physical Access
    • Physical Attacks
    • Escaping from KIOSKs
    • Firmware Analysis
      • Bootloader testing
      • Firmware Integrity
  • 🎯Binary Exploitation
    • Basic Binary Exploitation Methodology
      • ELF Basic Information
      • Exploiting Tools
        • PwnTools
    • Stack Overflow
      • Pointer Redirecting
      • Ret2win
        • Ret2win - arm64
      • Stack Shellcode
        • Stack Shellcode - arm64
      • Stack Pivoting - EBP2Ret - EBP chaining
      • Uninitialized Variables
    • ROP - Return Oriented Programing
      • BROP - Blind Return Oriented Programming
      • Ret2csu
      • Ret2dlresolve
      • Ret2esp / Ret2reg
      • Ret2lib
        • Leaking libc address with ROP
          • Leaking libc - template
        • One Gadget
        • Ret2lib + Printf leak - arm64
      • Ret2syscall
        • Ret2syscall - ARM64
      • Ret2vDSO
      • SROP - Sigreturn-Oriented Programming
        • SROP - ARM64
    • Array Indexing
    • Integer Overflow
    • Format Strings
      • Format Strings - Arbitrary Read Example
      • Format Strings Template
    • Heap
      • Use After Free
      • Heap Overflow
    • Common Binary Exploitation Protections & Bypasses
      • ASLR
        • Ret2plt
        • Ret2ret & Reo2pop
      • CET & Shadow Stack
      • Libc Protections
      • Memory Tagging Extension (MTE)
      • No-exec / NX
      • PIE
        • BF Addresses in the Stack
      • Relro
      • Stack Canaries
        • BF Forked & Threaded Stack Canaries
        • Print Stack Canary
    • Write What Where 2 Exec
      • WWW2Exec - atexit()
      • WWW2Exec - .dtors & .fini_array
      • WWW2Exec - GOT/PLT
      • WWW2Exec - __malloc_hook
    • Common Exploiting Problems
    • Windows Exploiting (Basic Guide - OSCP lvl)
    • Linux Exploiting (Basic) (SPA)
  • 🔩Reversing
    • Reversing Tools & Basic Methods
      • Angr
        • Angr - Examples
      • Z3 - Satisfiability Modulo Theories (SMT)
      • Cheat Engine
      • Blobrunner
    • Common API used in Malware
    • Word Macros
  • 🔮Crypto & Stego
    • Cryptographic/Compression Algorithms
      • Unpacking binaries
    • Certificates
    • Cipher Block Chaining CBC-MAC
    • Crypto CTFs Tricks
    • Electronic Code Book (ECB)
    • Hash Length Extension Attack
    • Padding Oracle
    • RC4 - Encrypt&Decrypt
    • Stego Tricks
    • Esoteric languages
    • Blockchain & Crypto Currencies
  • 🦂C2
    • Salseo
    • ICMPsh
    • Cobalt Strike
  • ✍️TODO
    • Other Big References
    • Rust Basics
    • More Tools
    • MISC
    • Pentesting DNS
    • Hardware Hacking
      • I2C
      • UART
      • Radio
      • JTAG
      • SPI
    • Radio Hacking
      • Pentesting RFID
      • Infrared
      • Sub-GHz RF
      • iButton
      • Flipper Zero
        • FZ - NFC
        • FZ - Sub-GHz
        • FZ - Infrared
        • FZ - iButton
        • FZ - 125kHz RFID
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由 GitBook 提供支持
在本页
  • WhiteIntel
  • 静态分析
  • otool
  • objdump
  • jtool2
  • Codesign / ldid
  • SuspiciousPackage
  • hdiutil
  • Objective-C
  • Swift
  • Packed binaries
  • 动态分析
  • 统一日志
  • Hopper
  • dtrace
  • dtruss
  • dtruss
  • ktrace
  • ProcessMonitor
  • SpriteTree
  • FileMonitor
  • Crescendo
  • Apple Instruments
  • fs_usage
  • TaskExplorer
  • PT_DENY_ATTACH
  • lldb
  • 反动态分析
  • 模糊测试
  • ReportCrash
  • 休眠
  • 内部处理程序
  • 枚举网络进程
  • Libgmalloc
  • Fuzzers
  • 更多关于 MacOS 的模糊测试信息
  • 参考资料
  • WhiteIntel
  1. MacOS Hardening
  2. macOS Security & Privilege Escalation

macOS Apps - Inspecting, debugging and Fuzzing

上一页macOS Security & Privilege Escalation下一页Introduction to x64

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静态分析

otool

otool -L /bin/ls #List dynamically linked libraries
otool -tv /bin/ps #Decompile application

objdump

{% 代码 溢出="wrap" %}

objdump -m --dylibs-used /bin/ls #List dynamically linked libraries
objdump -m -h /bin/ls # Get headers information
objdump -m --syms /bin/ls # Check if the symbol table exists to get function names
objdump -m --full-contents /bin/ls # Dump every section
objdump -d /bin/ls # Dissasemble the binary
objdump --disassemble-symbols=_hello --x86-asm-syntax=intel toolsdemo #Disassemble a function using intel flavour

jtool2

# Install
brew install --cask jtool2

jtool2 -l /bin/ls # Get commands (headers)
jtool2 -L /bin/ls # Get libraries
jtool2 -S /bin/ls # Get symbol info
jtool2 -d /bin/ls # Dump binary
jtool2 -D /bin/ls # Decompile binary

# Get signature information
ARCH=x86_64 jtool2 --sig /System/Applications/Automator.app/Contents/MacOS/Automator

# Get MIG information
jtool2 -d __DATA.__const myipc_server | grep MIG

Codesign / ldid

Codesign 可在 macOS 中找到,而 ldid 可在 iOS 中找到

# Get signer
codesign -vv -d /bin/ls 2>&1 | grep -E "Authority|TeamIdentifier"

# Check if the app’s contents have been modified
codesign --verify --verbose /Applications/Safari.app

# Get entitlements from the binary
codesign -d --entitlements :- /System/Applications/Automator.app # Check the TCC perms

# Check if the signature is valid
spctl --assess --verbose /Applications/Safari.app

# Sign a binary
codesign -s <cert-name-keychain> toolsdemo

# Get signature info
ldid -h <binary>

# Get entitlements
ldid -e <binary>

# Change entilements
## /tmp/entl.xml is a XML file with the new entitlements to add
ldid -S/tmp/entl.xml <binary>

SuspiciousPackage

hdiutil

这个工具允许挂载苹果磁盘映像(.dmg)文件以在运行任何内容之前检查它们:

hdiutil attach ~/Downloads/Firefox\ 58.0.2.dmg

它将被挂载在 /Volumes

Objective-C

元数据

  • 类

  • 类方法

  • 类实例变量

class-dump Kindle.app

函数调用

当在使用Objective-C的二进制文件中调用函数时,编译后的代码不会直接调用该函数,而是会调用**objc_msgSend**。这将调用最终的函数:

该函数期望的参数包括:

  • 第一个参数(self)是“指向接收消息的类的实例的指针”。简单来说,它是方法被调用的对象。如果方法是类方法,则这将是类对象的一个实例(整体),而对于实例方法,self将指向作为对象的类的实例化实例。

  • 第二个参数(op)是“处理消息的方法的选择器”。简单来说,这只是方法的名称。

  • 其余参数是方法所需的任何值(op)。

查看如何使用ARM64中的lldb轻松获取此信息:

x64:

参数

寄存器

(用于) objc_msgSend

第1个参数

rdi

self:方法被调用的对象

第2个参数

rsi

op:方法的名称

第3个参数

rdx

方法的第一个参数

第4个参数

rcx

方法的第二个参数

第5个参数

r8

方法的第三个参数

第6个参数

r9

方法的第四个参数

第7个+ 参数

rsp+ (在堆栈上)

方法的第五个+ 参数

Swift

使用**jtool -l或otool -l命令行可以找到以__swift5**前缀开头的几个部分:

jtool2 -l /Applications/Stocks.app/Contents/MacOS/Stocks
LC 00: LC_SEGMENT_64              Mem: 0x000000000-0x100000000    __PAGEZERO
LC 01: LC_SEGMENT_64              Mem: 0x100000000-0x100028000    __TEXT
[...]
Mem: 0x100026630-0x100026d54        __TEXT.__swift5_typeref
Mem: 0x100026d60-0x100027061        __TEXT.__swift5_reflstr
Mem: 0x100027064-0x1000274cc        __TEXT.__swift5_fieldmd
Mem: 0x1000274cc-0x100027608        __TEXT.__swift5_capture
[...]

此外,Swift 二进制文件可能具有符号(例如库需要存储符号以便调用其函数)。**符号通常包含有关函数名称和属性的信息,以一种不太直观的方式呈现,因此它们非常有用,而且有“**解码器”**可以获取原始名称:

# Ghidra plugin
https://github.com/ghidraninja/ghidra_scripts/blob/master/swift_demangler.py

# Swift cli
swift demangle

Packed binaries

  • 检查高熵

  • 检查字符串(如果几乎没有可理解的字符串,则为打包)

  • MacOS的UPX打包程序会生成一个名为"__XHDR"的部分

动态分析

请注意,为了对macOS上的系统二进制文件(如cloudconfigurationd)进行插装,必须禁用SIP(仅删除签名不起作用)。

统一日志

MacOS生成大量日志,在运行应用程序时尝试理解其正在执行的操作时非常有用。

Hopper

左侧面板

在hopper的左侧面板中,可以看到二进制文件的符号(标签),过程和函数列表(Proc)以及字符串(Str)。这些不是所有字符串,而是在Mac-O文件的几个部分中定义的字符串(如_cstring或objc_methname)。

中间面板

在中间面板中,您可以看到反汇编代码。您可以看到原始反汇编,图形,反编译和二进制,通过单击相应的图标:

右键单击代码对象,可以查看对该对象的引用/来自该对象的引用,甚至更改其名称(在反编译伪代码中不起作用):

此外,在中间下方可以编写python命令。

右侧面板

在右侧面板中,您可以查看一些有趣的信息,例如导航历史记录(以便了解如何到达当前情况),调用图,您可以看到调用此函数的所有函数以及此函数调用的所有函数,以及本地变量信息。

dtrace

它允许用户以极其低级别访问应用程序,并为用户提供了一种跟踪 程序甚至更改其执行流的方法。Dtrace使用探针,这些探针分布在内核的各个位置,如系统调用的开始和结束。

DTrace使用**dtrace_probe_create函数为每个系统调用创建一个探针。这些探针可以在每个系统调用的入口和出口点触发**。与DTrace的交互通过/dev/dtrace进行,仅对root用户可用。

要在不完全禁用SIP保护的情况下启用Dtrace,您可以在恢复模式下执行:csrutil enable --without dtrace

您还可以**dtrace或dtruss**您已编译的二进制文件。

可用的dtrace探针可以通过以下方式获得:

dtrace -l | head
ID   PROVIDER            MODULE                          FUNCTION NAME
1     dtrace                                                     BEGIN
2     dtrace                                                     END
3     dtrace                                                     ERROR
43    profile                                                     profile-97
44    profile                                                     profile-199

探针名称由四个部分组成:提供者、模块、函数和名称(fbt:mach_kernel:ptrace:entry)。如果未指定名称的某些部分,Dtrace 将将该部分视为通配符。

要配置 DTrace 以激活探针并指定它们触发时要执行的操作,我们需要使用 D 语言。

示例

运行 man -k dtrace 以列出可用的DTrace 脚本。示例:sudo dtruss -n binary

  • 在行中

#Count the number of syscalls of each running process
sudo dtrace -n 'syscall:::entry {@[execname] = count()}'
  • 脚本

syscall:::entry
/pid == $1/
{
}

#Log every syscall of a PID
sudo dtrace -s script.d 1234
syscall::open:entry
{
printf("%s(%s)", probefunc, copyinstr(arg0));
}
syscall::close:entry
{
printf("%s(%d)\n", probefunc, arg0);
}

#Log files opened and closed by a process
sudo dtrace -s b.d -c "cat /etc/hosts"
syscall:::entry
{
;
}
syscall:::return
{
printf("=%d\n", arg1);
}

#Log sys calls with values
sudo dtrace -s syscalls_info.d -c "cat /etc/hosts"

dtruss

dtruss

dtruss -c ls #Get syscalls of ls
dtruss -c -p 1000 #get syscalls of PID 1000

ktrace

即使启用SIP,您也可以使用此工具

ktrace trace -s -S -t c -c ls | grep "ls("

ProcessMonitor

SpriteTree

FileMonitor

Crescendo

Apple Instruments

fs_usage

允许跟踪进程执行的操作:

fs_usage -w -f filesys ls #This tracks filesystem actions of proccess names containing ls
fs_usage -w -f network curl #This tracks network actions

TaskExplorer

PT_DENY_ATTACH

lldb

lldb 是macOS二进制文件调试的事实标准工具。

lldb ./malware.bin
lldb -p 1122
lldb -n malware.bin
lldb -n malware.bin --waitfor

您可以在家目录中创建一个名为**.lldbinit**的文件,并添加以下行以设置使用lldb时的intel风格:

settings set target.x86-disassembly-flavor intel

在 lldb 中,使用 process save-core 命令来转储一个进程

(lldb) 命令

描述

run (r)

开始执行,直到触发断点或进程终止。

continue (c)

继续调试进程的执行。

nexti (n / ni)

执行下一条指令。该命令会跳过函数调用。

stepi (s / si)

执行下一条指令。与 nexti 命令不同,该命令会进入函数调用。

finish (f)

执行当前函数中剩余的指令,返回并停止。

control + c

暂停执行。如果进程已经运行(r)或继续(c),这会导致进程停止在当前执行位置。

breakpoint (b)

b main #调用名为 main 的任何函数

b `main #二进制文件的主函数

b set -n main --shlib #指定二进制文件的主函数

b -[NSDictionary objectForKey:]

b -a 0x0000000100004bd9

br l #断点列表

br e/dis #启用/禁用断点

breakpoint delete

help

help breakpoint #获取断点命令的帮助

help memory write #获取写入内存的帮助

reg

reg read

reg read $rax

reg write $rip 0x100035cc0

x/s

将内存显示为以空字符结尾的字符串。

x/i

将内存显示为汇编指令。

x/b

将内存显示为字节。

print object (po)

这将打印参数引用的对象

po $raw

{

dnsChanger = {

"affiliate" = "";

"blacklist_dns" = ();

请注意,大多数 Apple 的 Objective-C API 或方法返回对象,因此应通过“print object”(po)命令显示。如果 po 不产生有意义的输出,请使用 x/b

memory

memory read 0x000.... memory read $x0+0xf2a memory write 0x100600000 -s 4 0x41414141 #在该地址写入 AAAA memory write -f s $rip+0x11f+7 "AAAA" #在地址写入 AAAA

disassembly

dis #反汇编当前函数

dis -n #反汇编函数

dis -n -b #反汇编函数 dis -c 6 #反汇编 6 行 dis -c 0x100003764 -e 0x100003768 # 从一个地址到另一个地址 dis -p -c 4 # 从当前地址开始反汇编

parray

parray 3 (char **)$x1 # 检查 x1 寄存器中的 3 个组件的数组

在调用 objc_sendMsg 函数时,rsi 寄存器保存方法的名称,作为以空字符结尾的(“C”)字符串。要通过 lldb 打印名称,执行以下命令:

(lldb) x/s $rsi: 0x1000f1576: "startMiningWithPort:password:coreCount:slowMemory:currency:"

(lldb) print (char*)$rsi: (char *) $1 = 0x00000001000f1576 "startMiningWithPort:password:coreCount:slowMemory:currency:"

(lldb) reg read $rsi: rsi = 0x00000001000f1576 "startMiningWithPort:password:coreCount:slowMemory:currency:"

反动态分析

虚拟机检测

  • 命令 sysctl hw.model 在 主机为 MacOS 时返回 "Mac",但在虚拟机上返回其他内容。

  • 一些恶意软件尝试通过调整 hw.logicalcpu 和 hw.physicalcpu 的值来检测是否为虚拟机。

  • 一些恶意软件还可以根据 MAC 地址(00:50:56)来判断机器是否基于 VMware。

  • 也可以通过简单的代码来判断进程是否正在被调试:

  • if(P_TRACED == (info.kp_proc.p_flag & P_TRACED)){ //进程正在被调试 }

  • 还可以使用 ptrace 系统调用以 PT_DENY_ATTACH 标志调用。这会阻止调试器附加和跟踪。

  • 可以检查是否正在 导入 sysctl 或 ptrace 函数(但恶意软件可能会动态导入)。

模糊测试

ReportCrash 分析崩溃进程并将崩溃报告保存到磁盘。崩溃报告包含的信息可以帮助开发人员诊断崩溃的原因。 对于在每个用户的launchd上下文中运行的应用程序和其他进程,ReportCrash 作为一个 LaunchAgent 运行,并将崩溃报告保存在用户的 ~/Library/Logs/DiagnosticReports/ 目录中。 对于守护程序、在系统launchd上下文中运行的其他进程和其他特权进程,ReportCrash 作为一个 LaunchDaemon 运行,并将崩溃报告保存在系统的 /Library/Logs/DiagnosticReports 目录中。

如果您担心崩溃报告被发送到苹果,您可以禁用它们。如果不担心,崩溃报告可以帮助找出服务器崩溃的原因。

#To disable crash reporting:
launchctl unload -w /System/Library/LaunchAgents/com.apple.ReportCrash.plist
sudo launchctl unload -w /System/Library/LaunchDaemons/com.apple.ReportCrash.Root.plist

#To re-enable crash reporting:
launchctl load -w /System/Library/LaunchAgents/com.apple.ReportCrash.plist
sudo launchctl load -w /System/Library/LaunchDaemons/com.apple.ReportCrash.Root.plist

休眠

在 MacOS 中进行模糊测试时,重要的是不让 Mac 进入睡眠状态:

  • systemsetup -setsleep Never

  • pmset,系统偏好设置

SSH 断开连接

如果通过 SSH 连接进行模糊测试,重要的是确保会话不会断开。因此,请更改 sshd_config 文件:

  • TCPKeepAlive Yes

  • ClientAliveInterval 0

  • ClientAliveCountMax 0

sudo launchctl unload /System/Library/LaunchDaemons/ssh.plist
sudo launchctl load -w /System/Library/LaunchDaemons/ssh.plist

内部处理程序

查看以下页面,了解如何找出哪个应用程序负责处理指定的方案或协议:

枚举网络进程

这很有趣,可以找到管理网络数据的进程:

dtrace -n 'syscall::recv*:entry { printf("-> %s (pid=%d)", execname, pid); }' >> recv.log
#wait some time
sort -u recv.log > procs.txt
cat procs.txt

或者使用 netstat 或 lsof

Libgmalloc

lldb -o "target create `which some-binary`" -o "settings set target.env-vars DYLD_INSERT_LIBRARIES=/usr/lib/libgmalloc.dylib" -o "run arg1 arg2" -o "bt" -o "reg read" -o "dis -s \$pc-32 -c 24 -m -F intel" -o "quit"

Fuzzers

适用于 CLI 工具

它可以与 macOS GUI 工具一起使用。请注意,一些 macOS 应用程序具有特定要求,如唯一文件名、正确的扩展名,需要从沙盒中读取文件 (~/Library/Containers/com.apple.Safari/Data)...

一些示例:

# iBooks
litefuzz -l -c "/System/Applications/Books.app/Contents/MacOS/Books FUZZ" -i files/epub -o crashes/ibooks -t /Users/test/Library/Containers/com.apple.iBooksX/Data/tmp -x 10 -n 100000 -ez

# -l : Local
# -c : cmdline with FUZZ word (if not stdin is used)
# -i : input directory or file
# -o : Dir to output crashes
# -t : Dir to output runtime fuzzing artifacts
# -x : Tmeout for the run (default is 1)
# -n : Num of fuzzing iterations (default is 1)
# -e : enable second round fuzzing where any crashes found are reused as inputs
# -z : enable malloc debug helpers

# Font Book
litefuzz -l -c "/System/Applications/Font Book.app/Contents/MacOS/Font Book FUZZ" -i input/fonts -o crashes/font-book -x 2 -n 500000 -ez

# smbutil (using pcap capture)
litefuzz -lk -c "smbutil view smb://localhost:4455" -a tcp://localhost:4455 -i input/mac-smb-resp -p -n 100000 -z

# screensharingd (using pcap capture)
litefuzz -s -a tcp://localhost:5900 -i input/screenshared-session --reportcrash screensharingd -p -n 100000

更多关于 MacOS 的模糊测试信息

参考资料

WhiteIntel 的主要目标是打击由信息窃取恶意软件导致的账户劫持和勒索软件攻击。

您可以访问他们的网站并免费尝试他们的引擎:

是一个由暗网支持的搜索引擎,提供免费功能,用于检查公司或其客户是否受到窃取恶意软件的侵害。

该工具可用作 codesign、otool 和 objdump 的 替代品,并提供一些额外功能。 或使用 brew 安装。

是一个有用的工具,用于检查 .pkg 文件(安装程序)并在安装之前查看其中的内容。 这些安装程序包含 preinstall 和 postinstall bash 脚本,恶意软件作者通常会滥用这些脚本来持久化 恶意软件。

请注意,用 Objective-C 编写的程序在编译成 时会保留它们的类声明。这些类声明包括以下内容的名称和类型:

您可以使用 获取这些信息:

对于Swift二进制文件,由于存在Objective-C兼容性,有时可以使用提取声明,但并非总是有效。

您可以在。

请注意,为了调试二进制文件,需要禁用SIP(csrutil disable或csrutil enable --without debug),或将二进制文件复制到临时文件夹并使用codesign --remove-signature <binary-path>删除签名,或允许对二进制文件进行调试(可以使用)

此外,有一些日志将包含标签<private>,用于隐藏一些用户或计算机 可识别信息。但是,可以安装证书以披露此信息。请参考的说明。

可以在中找到更详细的解释和更多示例。

是一个非常有用的工具,用于检查进程执行的与进程相关的操作(例如,监视进程创建的新进程)。

是一个工具,用于显示进程之间的关系。 您需要使用类似 sudo eslogger fork exec rename create > cap.json 这样的命令监视您的 macOS(启动此命令需要 FDA)。然后您可以在此工具中加载 json 文件以查看所有关系:

允许监视文件事件(如创建、修改和删除),提供有关这些事件的详细信息。

是一个具有类似于 Microsoft Sysinternal 的 Procmon 的外观和感觉的 GUI 工具。该工具允许启动和停止各种事件类型的记录,允许通过文件、进程、网络等类别对这些事件进行过滤,并提供将记录的事件保存为 json 格式的功能。

是 Xcode 的开发人员工具的一部分,用于监视应用程序性能,识别内存泄漏和跟踪文件系统活动。

对于查看二进制文件使用的库、正在使用的文件和网络连接非常有用。 它还会针对virustotal检查二进制进程,并显示有关二进制文件的信息。

在中,您可以找到一个示例,演示如何调试正在运行的守护程序,该程序使用**PT_DENY_ATTACH**来防止调试,即使 SIP 已禁用。

reg read $rax --format

如此写在这篇文章中:“”: “消息“进程 # 以状态 = 45 (0x0000002d) 退出”通常是调试目标正在使用 PT_DENY_ATTACH 的明显迹象”

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